Lantibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters from A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae

ABSTRACT

Characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the lantibiotic actagardine, identification of a novel variant of actagardine and its biosynthetic cluster, and methods of production and use of actagardine are described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a U.S. National Phase Application of International Application No. PCT/GB2007/000138 (filed Jan. 17, 2007) which claims the benefit of Great Britain Patent Application No. 0600928.6 (filed Jan. 17, 2006), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to characterisation of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the lantibiotic actagardine, identification of a novel variant of actagardine and its biosynthetic cluster, and methods of production and use of actagardine, a novel actagardine variant produced in a strain of A. liguriae, and variants of both of these produced according to this invention, utilizing genes from the characterised biosynthetic gene clusters.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lantibiotics are peptides having antibiotic and other activities, produced by Gram-positive bacteria. They contain, among other modified residues, the thioether amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine, which cross-link the peptide chain into a polycyclic structure. They have been classified into two classes, type-A and type-B, though such classification is not unproblematic. Type-A lantibiotics are generally elongate amphiphiles that are capable of forming pores in bacterial and other plasma membranes. Examples are nisin and subtilin. Type-B lantibiotics, by contrast, are globular, conformationally defined peptides that inhibit enzyme functions. Examples are cinnamycin and duramycin.

Activities ascribed to type-B lantibiotics such as cinnamycin include antimicrobial activity (providing potential application as antibiotics), inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (providing a potential application in blood pressure regulation), immunomodulation via inhibition of phospholipase A2 (providing a potential application as anti-inflammatories), and interference with prostaglandin and leucotriene biosynthesis.

Type-B lantibiotics appear to exert their activity by interfering with enzyme activities by blocking the respective substrates. For example, type B lantibiotics such as mersacidin and actagardine have been found to inhibit biosynthesis of peptidoglycan; transglycosylation was identified as the target reaction. The substrate for this reaction is the lipid-bound cell wall precursor lipid II. While this is a target for the lantibiotic vancomycin, the site of action is different and is a new target binding site not used by any current antibacterial drug.

For the cinnamycin class of type B lantibiotics antibacterial activity has been observed, in particular with Bacillus strains, with effects described on membrane functions, ATP-dependent proton translocation and Ca²⁺-uptake, and on ATPases. Also, the formation of defined pores in phosphatidylethanolamine-containing planar membranes has been reported. These effects can be attributed to the specific binding of these type-B lantibiotics to phosphatidylethanolamine.

Lantibiotics have been shown to have efficacy and utility as food additives and antibacterial agents against Propionibacterium acnes and problematic pathogens, e.g. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which has or is developing resistance to many commonly used antibiotics, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For reviews, see Sahl and Bierbaum (1998) Annual Rev. Microbiol. 52:41-79; Jack and Sahl (1995) TIBTECH 13:269 278; Gasson (1995) Chapter 10, Lantibiotics, in Vining and Stuttard (eds) Biotechnology Series: Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production, Biotechnological I 30 Series 28, pages 283-306.

Within the field of antibiotics, there is a continuing need for the provision of new antibiotic compounds, to overcome issues such as resistance, bio-compatibility, toxicity and the like. Accordingly, methods of producing lantibiotics, and the production of variant forms of lantibiotics (which may have a different activity profile compared to native forms), are desirable.

Actagardine is a known type B tetracyclic lantibiotic, 19 amino acids in length (1890 Da). It has potent activity against important Gram positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes both in vitro and in in vivo animal models. The structure of actagardine is shown in FIG. 4. The compound is produced from a pre-pro-peptide, the C-terminal portion of which has the polypeptide sequence of SSGWVCTLTIECGTVICAC (SEQ ID NO:4). The polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:4 is modified by the following crosslinks, creating secondary and tertiary structure: CROSSLINK 1-6, Lanthionine (Ser-Cys); CROSSLINK 7-12, Beta-methyllanthionine (Thr-Cys); CROSSLINK 9-17, Beta-methyllanthionine (Thr-Cys); CROSSLINK 14-19, Beta-methyllanthionine sulfoxide (Thr-Cys).

Actagardine has been reported to be produced by two species of Actinoplanes; A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae. Also co-produced is an analogue in which the CROSSLINK 14-19 is not oxidized i.e. it is a beta-methyllanthionine not betamethyllanthionine sulfoxide which is named herein deoxy-actagardine.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,851 describes the isolation of actagardine from isolated strains of A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the cloned, sequenced and elucidated structural and regulatory information relevant to the biosynthetic gene cluster for the type-B lantibiotic, actagardine, from Actinoplanes garbadinensis and A. liguriae.

We have also surprisingly found that in an isolate of A. liguriae, designated herein as A. liguriae NCIMB 41362, a novel form of actagardine is produced which we have termed actagardine B or, in the non-oxidised form, deoxy-actagardine B. These forms have similar anti-microbial activity to actagardine and are generated from the primary polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, which undergoes similar cross-linking to actagardine. The variants provide new and useful alternatives to actagardine. In addition, the identification of residues in actagardine B which are different from actagardine leads to the provision of further lantibiotics based on these differences.

We have also isolated gene clusters from both actagardine-producing A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae NCIMB 41362 which comprise the genes for the production of actagardine and actagardine B.

In one aspect, the present invention provides the novel actagardine B and variants thereof, including variants based on the primary polypeptide sequences of SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:3, as well as variants thereof.

In a further aspect, the invention provides nucleic acids encoding actagardine B and its variants, sets of nucleic acids and variants thereof derived from the above-mentioned gene clusters, methods of making actagardine B and its variants, and methods of generating novel variants of actagardine B.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a map of the actagardine encoding and regulatory gene cluster isolated from A. garbadinensis.

FIG. 2 provides a map of the encoding and regulatory gene cluster isolated from A. liguriae which encodes a novel variant of actagardine, herein referred to as actagardine B.

FIG. 3 provides a schematic showing a method disclosed herein for generation of actagardine variants utilizing nucleic acid sequences isolated from A. garbadinensis or from A. liguriae.

FIG. 4 is a representation of the primary structure of mature actagardine where X1-X2 represent Val-Ile, Y is —S(O)— and Z is NH₂. “Deoxy-actagardine B” is the Val15Leu Ile16Val variant with a non-oxidised methyllanthionine bridge between AbuS14 and AlaS19.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

For the convenience of the reader, the sequences of the present application have been numbered non-contiguously as follows:

SEQ ID NO:1 is the primary polypeptide sequence of Actagardine B:

-   -   SSGWVCTLTIECGTLVCAC.         SEQ ID NO:2 is the primary polypeptide sequence of Actagardine B         variant VV:     -   SSGWVCTLTIECGTVVCAC.         SEQ ID NO:3 is the primary polypeptide sequence of Actagardine B         variant LI     -   SSGWVCTLTIECGTLICAC.         SEQ ID NO:4 is the primary polypeptide sequence of Actagardine:     -   SSGWVCTLTIECGTVICAC;         SEQ ID NO:11 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         Ala-Actagardine B:     -   ASSGWVCTLTIECGTLVCAC.         SEQ ID NO:12 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         Ala-Actagardine B variant VV:     -   ASSGWVCTLTIECGTVVCAC.         SEQ ID NO:13 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         Ala-Actagardine B variant LI     -   ASSGWVCTLTIECGTLICAC.         SEQ ID NO:14 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         Ala-Actagardine:     -   ASSGWVCTLTIECGTVICAC.         SEQ ID NO:212 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         pre-pro-Actagardine B:     -   MSAITVETTWKNTDLREDLTAHPAGLGFGELSFEDLREDRTIYAASSGWVCTLTIECG         TLVCAC.         SEQ ID NO:22 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         pre-pro-Actagardine B variant VV:     -   MSAITVETTWKNTDLREDLTAHPAGLGFGELSFEDLREDRTIYAASSGWVCTLTIECG         TVVCAC.         SEQ ID NO:23 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         pre-pro-Actagardine B variant LI     -   MSALAIEKSWKDVDLRDGATSHPAGLGFGELTFEDLREDRTIYAASSGWVCTLTIECG         TLICAC.         SEQ ID NO:119 is the primary polypeptide sequence of         pre-pro-Actagardine:     -   MSALAIEKSWKDVDLRDGATSHPAGLGFGELTFEDLREDRTIYAASSGWVCTLTIECG         TVICAC.         SEQ ID NO:100 is the non-vector, A. garbadinensis-derived,         nucleotide sequence of the cosmid CosAG14.         SEQ ID NOs:101-132 are the polypeptide sequences of the open         reading frames orf1-orf32 of SEQ ID NO:100 respectively.         SEQ ID NO:200 is the non-vector, A. liguriae-derived, nucleotide         sequence of the cosmid CosAL02.         SEQ ID NOs:201-231 are the polypeptide sequences of the open         reading frames orf1-orf31 of SEQ ID NO:200 respectively.         SEQ ID NOs:300-312 are primer sequences described herein below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the gene clusters of SEQ ID NO:100 and SEQ ID NO:200 and the polypeptides encoded by these clusters and variants thereof. The polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:119 is pre-pro-actagardine and the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:212 is pre-pro-actagardine B. The remaining polypeptides and their variants (as defined herein) are referred to herein generically as “cluster polypeptides”. Cluster polypeptides derived from SEQ ID NO:100 are referred to as “1xx polypeptides” and those derived from SEQ ID NO:200 are referred to as “2xx polypeptides”. Polypeptides which are 100% identical in both sequence and length to a cluster polypeptide are referred to as “wild-type” polypeptides. A cluster polypeptide derived from SEQ ID NO:100 or SEQ ID NO:200 may be wild type or variant.

A polypeptide may be in substantially isolated form. Isolated polypeptides of the invention will be those as defined above in isolated form, free or substantially free of material with which it is naturally associated such as other polypeptides with which it is found in the cell. For example, the polypeptides may of course be formulated with diluents or adjuvants and still for practical purposes be isolated.

A polypeptide of the invention may also be in a substantially purified form, in which case it will generally comprise the polypeptide in a preparation in which more than 90%, e.g. 95%, 98% or 99% of the polypeptide in the preparation is a polypeptide of the invention.

Lantibiotic Polypeptide and LantibioticA Gene

In the present invention, reference to a lantibioticA or LanA polypeptide, the LantibioticA or LanA gene refers generically to a type B lantibiotic polypeptide or the gene encoding such a peptide. Thus reference to these includes reference to cinnamycin, mersacidin, actagardine and actagardine B and the genes encoding these products. Reference to a lantibiotic producing host cell refers to any host cell which in its native form produces a LanA polypeptide, as further defined herein below.

A LanA polypeptide is a polypeptide with anti-microbial activity. Anti-microbial activity may be examined by determining the MIC value against a reference organism, e.g. Micrococcus luteus. A LanA polypeptide is considered to exhibit anti-microbial activity if it has a MIC value of less than or equal to 16-fold higher than that of actagardine against the same strain of the reference microorganism. In the present invention, the A. garbadinensis LanA gene is referred to as actA and the A. liguriae LanA gene is referred to as LigA.

Other Lan Polypeptides

As used herein, reference to a “LanM” polypeptide is a polypeptide derived from a Lantibiotic gene cluster which is a modification factor required for the conversion of a precursor polypeptide to a lantibiotic compound. LanM polypeptides include those of SEQ ID NO:120 (ActM) or a variant thereof, SEQ ID NO:213 (LigM) or a variant thereof, a cinM polypeptide as defined in WO02/088367, a mrsM polypeptide as disclosed in Altena et al, 2000, or a homologous polypeptide from another gene cluster of a bacteria which produces a type B lantibiotic.

Reference to a “LanR” polypeptide is a polypeptide derived from a Lantibiotic gene cluster which is a regulatory factor required for the regulation of production of a precursor polypeptide. LanR polypeptides include those of SEQ ID NO:122 (ActR) or a variant thereof, SEQ ID NO:216 (LigR) or a variant thereof, a cinR1 polypeptide as defined in WO02/088367, a mrsR1 polypeptide as disclosed in Altena et al, 2000, or a homologous polypeptide from another gene cluster of a bacteria which produces a type B lantibiotic.

Reference to a “LanT” polypeptide is a polypeptide derived from a Lantibiotic gene cluster which is a transporter factor required for the production of a precursor polypeptide to a lantibiotic compound. LanT polypeptides include those of SEQ ID NO:123 (ActT) or a variant thereof, SEQ ID NO:214 (LigT) or a variant thereof, a cinT polypeptide as defined in WO02/088367, a mrsT polypeptide as disclosed in Altena et al, 2000, or a homologous polypeptide from another gene cluster of a bacteria which produces a type B lantibiotic.

Reference to a “LanO” polypeptide is a polypeptide derived from a Lantibiotic gene cluster which is a factor believed to be involved in the oxidation of the deoxy-form of actagardine and compounds of the invention to actagardine or to compounds of the invention in which Y is —S(O)—.

LanO polypeptides include those of SEQ ID NO:122 (ActO) or a variant thereof, SEQ ID NO:215 (LigO) or a variant thereof, or a homologous polypeptide from another gene cluster of a bacteria which produces a type B lantibiotic.

Cluster Polypeptides

In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated cluster polypeptide selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 and 231. In another aspect, the invention provides a cluster polypeptide which is a variant of any of the above-mentioned sequences.

Cluster polypeptides of particular interest include 1xx and 2xx polypeptides which are LanM, LanR, LanT or LanO polypeptides.

A “variant”, in relation to a cluster polypeptide, denotes: any polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which is different from, but which shows significant amino acid sequence identity with, the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide (in this case any wild type cluster polypeptide), or a fragment of that polypeptide.

Unless otherwise specified, significant amino acid sequence identity is preferably at least 80%, more preferably 85%, 90% or 95%, still more preferably 98% or 99%. A variant is preferably of a length which is the same as, or at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95% of the length of the wild type cluster polypeptide.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the sequence with which it is being compared, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The % identity values used herein are generated by BLAST-2 which was obtained from Altschul et al. (1996). WU-BLAST-2 uses several search parameters, most of which are set to the default values. The adjustable parameters are set with the following values: overlap span=1, overlap fraction=0.125, word threshold (T)=11. The HSPS and HSPS2 parameters are dynamic values and are established by the program itself depending upon the composition of the particular sequence and composition of the particular database against which the sequence of interest is being searched; however, the values may be adjusted to increase sensitivity. A % amino acid sequence identity value is determined by the number of matching identical residues divided by the total number of residues of the “longer” sequence in the aligned region, multiplied by 100. The “longer” sequence is the one having the most actual residues in the aligned region (gaps introduced by WU BLAST-2 to maximize the alignment score are ignored).

Desirably, a variant will retain a biological function of the reference polypeptide. In the present invention, biological function is retained wherein the variant, when present in a host cell with the other members of its cluster, is capable of producing a lantibiotic. This may be determined, for example, by providing a host cell containing SEQ ID NO:100 in the case of a 1xx cluster polypeptide variant, or SEQ ID NO:200 in the case of a 2xx polypeptide variant, wherein the host cells produce actagardine or actagardine B respectively, modifying the sequence to encode the variant, and determining whether a lantibiotic polypeptide is still produced.

Precursor Polypeptides

In another aspect, the invention provides polypeptides, preferably in isolated form, which are precursors of the compounds of the present invention or of actagardine. The precursor polypeptides include the polypeptides of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-4, SEQ ID NOs:11-14, SEQ ID NOs:212, 22, 23 and 119, as well as variants or derivatives thereof which can be converted to a lantibiotic polypeptide.

A variant of a precursor polypeptide of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-4 is a polypeptide in which one or more, for example from 1 to 5, such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids are substituted by another amino acid. Preferably the amino acid is at a position selected from positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 or 18 of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-4.

A variant of a precursor polypeptide of any one of SEQ ID NOs:11-14 is a polypeptide in which one or more, for example from 1 to 5, such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids are substituted by another amino acid. Preferably the amino acid is at a position selected from positions 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14 or 19 of any one of SEQ ID NOs:11-14.

A variant of a precursor polypeptide of any one of SEQ ID NOs:212, 22, 23 and 119 is a polypeptide in which one or more, for example from 1 to 5, such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids of the C-terminal region (residues 46-64) corresponding to SEQ ID NOs:1-4 respectively are substituted by another amino acid. Preferably the amino acid is at a position selected from positions corresponding to positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 or 18 of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-4. Such variants may further include changes to the N-terminal region which retain at least 70%, for example at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, for example at least 95% of the N-terminal regions (residues 1-45). For example, a variant of the N-terminal region of SEQ ID NO:212 or SEQ ID NO:119 may comprise one or more substitutions (e.g. from 1 to 12, such as from 1 to 5, e.g. 1, 2 or 3 substitutions at positions 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21 and 32 which our data shows are varied between SEQ ID NO:212 and 119.

Substitutions may be of one amino acid by another naturally occurring amino acid and may be conservative or non-conservative substitutions. Conservative substitutions include those set out in the following table, where amino acids on the same block in the second column and preferably in the same line in the third column may be substituted for each other:

ALIPHATIC Non-polar G A I L V Polar-uncharged C S T M N Q Polar-charged D E K R AROMATIC H F W Y

For SEQ ID NO:212, the substitutions may be of an amino acid which differs from the amino acid residue located in the corresponding location of SEQ ID NO:119, or vice versa. In either case, the substitution may be to introduce the SEQ ID NO:119 amino acid into SEQ ID NO:212, or vice versa (e.g. Ile at position 4 of SEQ ID NO:212 may be substituted by Leu, and so on).

A precursor polypeptide may be obtained by expression of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide in a cell which is a non-producer of a lantibiotic.

Compounds

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-; -Val-Val- or -Leu-Ile-;     -   Y is —S— or —S(O)—; and     -   Z is either H₂N— or Ala-,         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a further         aspect, the invention provides variants and biologically active         derivatives of these compounds.

Where -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, Y is —S(O)— and Z is NH₂ the compound of the invention is also referred to as actagardine B.

Where -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, Y is —S(O)— and Z is Ala- the compound of the invention is also referred to as ala-actagardine B.

Where -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, Y is —S— and Z is NH₂ the compound of the invention is also referred to as deoxy-actagardine B.

Where -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, Y is —S— and Z is Ala- the compound of the invention is also referred to as ala-deoxy-actagardine B.

It will be understood by reference to Z being a group H₂N—, that this moiety represents the N-terminus of the alanine residue at position 1 of the above compound. By reference to the group Z being Ala-, it will be understood that this moiety represents an alanine, conventionally referred to in the art as Ala(0), linked to the alanine at position 1 via an amide bond.

Variants

A variant of a compound of formula (I) is a compound which one or more, for example from 1 to 5, such as 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids are substituted by another amino acid. Preferably the amino acid is at a position selected from positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 or 18 of the compound of formula (I).

A variant may also comprise a substitution at position 15 or 16, provided that when both positions 15 and 16 are substituted and none of the other positions are changes, 15 and 16 are not Val and Ile respectively.

Where Z is Ala-, variants of compounds of the invention include those in which Ala- is replaced by another amino acid (particularly a naturally occurring amino acid encoded by the genetic code or its D-isoform), more particularly an amino acid selected from the group Ile-, Lys-, Phe-, Val-, Glu-, Asp-, His-, Leu, Arg-, Ser- and Trp-. In one aspect, the amino acid may be selected from the group Ile-, Lys-, Phe-, Val-, Glu-, Asp-, His-, Leu-, Arg- and Ser-. Such variants may be produced by chemical addition of the residue to compounds where Z═H₂N, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,851. It will be appreciated that the chemical addition of an amino acid allows the amino acid to be in the L- or D-configuration. This includes D-Ala, in addition to the D-forms of other amino acids such as those mentioned above.

Derivatives

Derivatives of compounds of the invention (including variants) are those in which one or more amino acid side chain of the compound of the invention has been modified, for example by esterification, amidation or oxidation.

Derivatives of compounds of the invention may be monoamide derivatives at one of the carboxy functions of actagardine, particularly at the C-terminal. More particularly, a derivative may be a compound in which the C-terminal of the compound of the invention is of the formula —COR, in which R represents the group —NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² independently represent:

-   -   (i) hydrogen;     -   (ii) a group of formula —(CH₂)_(n)—NR³R⁴, in which n represents         an integer from 2 to 8 and R³ and R⁴ independently represent         hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent         a group —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—S—(CH₂)₂—         or —(CH₂)₅—;         or R¹ and R² taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom         represent a piperazine moiety which may be substituted in         position 4 with a substituent selected from:     -   (a) (C₁-C₄)alkyl;     -   (b) (C₅-C₇)-cycloalkyl,     -   (c) pyridyl,     -   (d) —(CH₂)_(p)—NR⁵R⁶ in which p represents an integer from 1 to         8 and R⁵ and R⁶ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)         alkyl;     -   (e) piperidinyl;     -   (f) substituted piperidinyl, wherein the substituted piperidinyl         bears a N-substituent which is (C₁₋₄)alkyl;     -   (g) benzyl; and     -   (h) substituted benzyl, wherein the phenyl moiety bears 1 or 2         substituents selected from chloro, bromo, nitro, (C₁-C₄)alkyl         and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.

In one embodiment, in the formula —COR, R represents the group —NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² independently represent hydrogen, a group of formula —(CH₂)_(n)—NR³R⁴, in which n represents an integer from 2 to 8 and R³ and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent a group —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—S—(CH₂)₂— or —(CH₂)₅—, or R¹ and R² taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom represent a piperazine moiety which may be substituted in position 4 with a substituent selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₅-C₇)-cycloalkyl, pyridyl, benzyl, and substituted benzyl wherein the phenyl moiety bears 1 or 2 substituents selected from chloro, bromo, nitro, (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.

Further, a derivative may include a compound in which the carboxy function of a side chain of an internal residue, e.g. that of the residue Glu11, is modified from —COOH to a group —COOR⁵ in which R⁵ represents hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₂-C₄)alkyl.

N-terminal derivatives of compounds of the invention may be those in which the N-terminal amino group —NH₂ is instead a group —NHR⁶ wherein R⁶ represents C₁₋₄alkyl.

The term “(C₁-C₄)alkyl” represents straight or branched alkyl chains of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as: methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl or 1,1-dimethylethyl while the term “(C₂-C₄)alkyl” represents straight or branched alkyl chains of from 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as: ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl or 1,1-dimethylethyl. The term “(C₅-C₇)cycloalkyl” represents a cycloalkyl group selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.

The term “(C₁-C₄)alkoxy” represents a straight or branched alkoxy chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1-methylethoxy, butoxy, 1-methylpropoxy and 1,1-dimethylethoxy.

Derivatives according to the present invention may be made according to the methods described for the manufacture of derivatives of actagardine in EP-0195359, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Further Embodiments

Where the derivative is a compound where the C-terminal is of the formula —COR, in which R represents the group —NR¹R², in some embodiments, R¹ is H and R² represents a group of formula —(CH₂)_(n)—NR³R⁴, in which n represents an integer from 2 to 8 and R³ and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent a group —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—S—(CH₂)₂— or —(CH₂)₅—. In these embodiments, R³ and R⁴ preferably represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl. More preferably R³ and R⁴ represent (C₁-C₂) alkyl, e.g. methyl. Integer n may be preferably from 2 to 5, and more preferably 2 to 4, e.g. 3.

In other embodiments, R¹ and R² taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom represent a piperazine moiety. The N-substituent in the 4 position may preferably be selected from:

-   -   (a) (C₁-C₄)alkyl;     -   (b) (C₅-C₇)-cycloalkyl,     -   (d) —(CH₂)_(p)—NR⁵R⁶ in which p represents an integer from 1 to         8 and R⁵ and R⁶ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)         alkyl;     -   (e) piperidinyl; and     -   (f) substituted piperidinyl, wherein the substituted piperidinyl         bears a N-substituent which is (C₁₋₄)alkyl.

The piperidinyl and substituted piperidinyl groups preferably have their nitrogen atom at the 4-position.

The N-substituent may more preferably be selected from:

-   -   (d) —(CH₂)_(p)—NR⁵R⁶ in which p represents an integer from 1 to         8 and R⁵ and R⁶ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)         alkyl; and     -   (f) substituted piperidinyl, wherein the substituted piperidinyl         bears a N-substituent which is (C₁₋₄)alkyl.

If the N substituent is —(CH₂)_(p)—NR⁵R⁶, then R⁵ and R⁶ may be preferably (C₁-C₄)alkyl, more preferably (C₁-C₂)alkyl, e.g. methyl. Integer p is preferably 1 to 4, e.g. 3.

If the N substituent is substituted piperidinyl, then the N-substituent is preferably (C₁-C₂) alkyl, e.g. methyl. As mentioned above, the N is preferably in the 4-position.

Nucleic Acid

A nucleic acid of the invention may be a DNA or RNA, though preferably a DNA. A nucleic acid of the invention may be single- or double-stranded. In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a cluster polypeptide. In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a precursor polypeptide or variant or fragment thereof.

In a further aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid which may comprise all or a fragment of SEQ ID NO:100 or SEQ ID NO:200, including a fragment comprising an intergenic region disclosed herein. Such regions may include a promoter or other regulatory element for the expression of a cluster polypeptide or a precursor polypeptide of the present invention.

Twenty-five nucleotides is recognised by those skilled in the art as a sufficient number of nucleotides to be specific to the particular gene or gene cluster or sub-sequence thereof as disclosed herein. Thus fragments include fragments of SEQ ID NO:100 or SEQ ID NO:200, or variants thereof having significant sequence identity, which are at least 25, e.g. at least 30, e.g. at least 50, e.g. at least 100, e.g. at least 250 nucleotides in length.

Promoters that are variants of those intergenic sequences are also included and the specific intergenic sequences (or parts thereof) are preferred embodiments. In all cases, where a preferred embodiment of an orf, gene, nucleic acid, polypeptide or promoter is defined by reference to a specific sequence, the invention in its broader sense is intended to include embodiments having variants of that specific sequence.

The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a particular nucleic acid (the reference nucleic acid) denotes: any nucleic acid having a sequence which is different from that of the reference nucleic acid, but which is its complement or which shows significant nucleic acid sequence identity with, or hybridization under stringent conditions to, the reference nucleic acid or its complement or a fragment of the reference nucleic acid or its complement; or any nucleic acid which encodes an amino acid sequence having significant amino acid sequence identity with the amino acid sequence encoded by the reference nucleic acid, or a fragment of that nucleic acid. The term “variant” also refers to nucleic acids which differ from each other due only to the degeneracy of the genetic code, and which therefore encode identical deduced amino acid sequences. Variant nucleic acids of the invention are further defined as follows. If a variant nucleic acid of the invention is introduced into the gene clusters identified herein, in place of the sequence of which it is a variant, and the recombinant fragment is introduced into a suitable host cell under suitable conditions for lantibiotic production (e.g. as shown in the Examples), then production of a molecule having one or more activities of a lantibiotic (especially antibiotic activity) will result. Preferably production will be regulated to occur at high cell density.

Significant nucleic acid sequence identity is preferably at least 50%, more preferably 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%, still more preferably 95%, 98% or 99%. Significant nucleic acid sequence identity is preferably shown between the variant nucleic acid (or a portion thereof) and a fragment of at least 30 residues of the reference nucleic acid, more preferably a fragment of at least 60, 90 or 120 residues, still more preferably a fragment of 180, 240 or 300 residues, more preferably the entire reference nucleic acid.

“Percent (%) nucleic acid sequence identity” is defined as the percentage of nucleotide residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotide residues in the sequence under comparison. The identity values used herein were generated by the BLASTN module of WU BLAST-2 set to the default parameters, with overlap span and overlap fraction set to 1 and 0.125, respectively.

In relation to variants of the promoters used in the present invention, nucleic acid sequence identity is preferably assessed over a sequence of at least 30 residues, more preferably 40 or 50 residues, still more preferably 60 residues.

“Stringent conditions” or “high stringency conditions”, as defined herein, may be identified by those that: (1) employ low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example 0.015 M sodium chloride/0.0015 M sodium citrate/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 50° C.; (2) employ during hybridization a denaturing agent, such as formamide, for example, 50% (v/v) formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM sodium chloride, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42° C.; or (3) employ 50% formamide, 5×SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5×Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 g/ml), 0.1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42° C., with washes at 42° C. in 0.2×SSC (sodium chloride/sodium citrate) and 50% formamide at 55° C., followed by a high-stringency wash consisting of 0.1×SSC containing EDTA at 55° C.

When a nucleic acid of interest is said to be in “operative association” with a promoter or regulatory sequence, this means that the promoter/regulatory sequence is able to direct transcription of the nucleic acid of interest in an appropriate expression system, with the nucleic acid of interest in the correct reading frame for translation. Preferably when a nucleic acid of interest is in operative association with a promoter/regulatory sequence, the transcript of the nucleic acid of interest contains an appropriately located ribosome binding site for expression in an appropriate expression system of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of interest. See for example Sambrook et al. (1989) and Ausubel et al. 25 (1995).

When a nucleic acid is referred to as “isolated”, this may mean substantially or completely isolated from some or all other nucleic acid normally present in A. garbadinensis and/or A. liguriae, especially nucleic acid from outside the gene cluster segments identified herein.

In light of the foregoing disclosure, it will be appreciated that this invention provides nucleotide sequences or a set of nucleotide sequences encoding the actagardine or actagardine B biosynthetic gene cluster. Accordingly, the entire gene cluster or portions thereof of at least twenty-five contiguous nucleotides may be used for a wide variety of applications, including but not limited to: expression of actagardine or actagardine B; use as probes to screen other organisms for related molecules and the like; use to induce gene silencing and the like.

Expression Construct

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an expression construct comprising a nucleic acid encoding a cluster polypeptide or a lantibiotic polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a promoter.

In a further aspect, there is provided a set of expression constructs. A set of expression constructs comprises two or more polypeptide coding sequences of the present invention and at least one promoter suitable for the expression of said sequences. The promoter(s) may be a promoter with which the polypeptide gene is naturally associated with (or in the case of a variant, the promoter of the gene from which the variant is derived), or may be a constitutive or inducible promoter functional in the host cell. Promoters thus include intergenic regions of SEQ ID NO:100 or SEQ ID NO:200 upstream of any of the open reading frames listed in Tables 1 and 2.

The promoter(s) will be operably linked to the nucleic acids of the set of expression constructs. By “operably linked” it will be understood that the promoter will be able to direct transcription of the nucleic acid of interest in an appropriate expression system, with the nucleic acid of interest in the correct reading frame for translation. Preferably when a nucleic acid of interest is in operative association with a promoter/regulatory sequence, the transcript of the nucleic acid of interest contains an appropriately located ribosome binding site for expression in an appropriate expression system of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of interest. See for example Sambrook et al. (1989), Ausubel et al. (2002) and Kieser (2000).

Sets of expression constructs according to the invention include numerous permutations of genes encoding precursor and cluster polypeptides of the invention as defined above. In various aspects of the invention, the set will include at least a LanA gene. Examples of such sets are set out as “Set 1” to “Set 7” below, though these sets should be understood to be merely illustrative and not limiting.

Set 1: A LanA gene encoding a precursor polypeptide, preferably a precursor polypeptide capable of being converted to a compound of the invention, plus a LanM gene encoding a LanM polypeptide. The LanM polypeptide is preferably a LanM of SEQ ID NO:120 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO:213 or a variant thereof.

Set 2: A LanA gene encoding a precursor polypeptide, preferably a precursor polypeptide capable of being converted to a compound of the invention, plus a LanR gene encoding a LanR polypeptide. The LanR polypeptide is preferably a LanR of SEQ ID NO:122 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO:216 or a variant thereof.

Set 3: A LanA gene encoding a precursor polypeptide, preferably a precursor polypeptide capable of being converted to a compound of the invention, plus a LanM gene encoding a LanM polypeptide, plus a LanR gene encoding a LanR polypeptide. The LanM polypeptide is preferably a LanM of SEQ ID NO:120 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO:213 or a variant thereof. The LanR polypeptide is preferably a LanR of SEQ ID NO:122 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO:216 or a variant thereof.

Set 4: The genes of Set 3 together with a LanO gene encoding a LanO polypeptide. The LanO polypeptide is preferably SEQ ID NO:122 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO:215 or a variant thereof.

Set 5: The genes of Set 3 or Set 4 together with a LanT gene encoding a LanT polypeptide. The LanT polypeptide is preferably SEQ ID NO:123 or a variant thereof, or SEQ ID NO:214 or a variant thereof.

Set 6: The genes of SEQ ID NOs:116 to 127 or variants thereof.

Set 7: The genes of SEQ ID NOs:206 to 220 or variants thereof.

In one aspect, a set will comprises sequences which all encode 1xx polypeptides or which all encode 2xx polypeptides. However sets which are made up of both 1xx and 2xx polypeptides are not excluded from the present invention.

Recombinant Expression Vector

In another aspect, there is provided a recombinant vector comprising one or more expression constructs of the invention. In an alternative aspect, there is provided a set of recombinant vectors which comprise a set of expression constructs of the invention. Suitable vectors comprising nucleic acid for introduction into bacteria can be chosen or constructed, containing appropriate additional regulatory elements if necessary, including additional promoters, terminator fragments, enhancer elements, marker genes and other elements as appropriate. Vectors may be plasmids, viral e.g. phage, or phagemid, as appropriate. For further details see, for example, Sambrook et al (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. Many known techniques and protocols for manipulation of nucleic acid, for example in preparation of nucleic acid constructs, mutagenesis, sequencing, introduction of DNA into cells and gene expression, and analysis of proteins, are described in detail in Ausubel et al. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience Publishers, (1995). Many aspects of the employment of these techniques in the context of Streptomyces spp. are described in detail in Hopwood et al (1985) Genetic manipulation of Streptomyces a laboratory manual (Norwich: John Innes Foundation) and Practical Streptomyces Genetics (2000) Kieser T. et al., The John Innes Foundation p. 386. The disclosures of Sambrook et al, Ausubel et al, Hopwood et al and Kieser et al are all incorporated herein by reference for these and all other purposes.

Expression Cassettes

In another aspect, the inventors have developed a vector system useful for producing and screening lantibiotic derivatives of actagardine B. This is achieved by introducing one or more restriction endonuclease recognition sites into the LanA gene which encodes SEQ ID NO:1, 11 or 212 in order to produce an expression cassette system. Thus in another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant DNA cassette which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an actagardine B precursor polypeptide, wherein said sequence comprises

-   -   a first restriction site at or adjacent the N-terminal encoding         region of the encoding sequence;     -   optionally a second restriction site downstream of the first         restriction site and within the encoding sequence; and     -   a third restriction site at or adjacent the C-terminal encoding         region of the encoding sequence,     -   wherein at least one of said restriction sites does not occur         within the LanA coding sequence shown as SEQ ID NO:200.

In a further aspect, there is provided a recombinant DNA cassette which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an actagardine precursor polypeptide, wherein said sequence comprises

-   -   a first restriction site at or adjacent the N-terminal encoding         region of the encoding sequence;     -   optionally a second restriction site downstream of the first         restriction site and within the encoding sequence; and     -   a third restriction site at or adjacent the C-terminal encoding         region of the encoding sequence,     -   wherein at least one of said restriction sites does not occur         within the LanA coding sequence shown as SEQ ID NO:100.

Generally, all two or three sites will be different from each other. It is also desirable that when the cassette is carried by a vector, the sites are unique for that vector.

In a preferred aspect, the non-naturally occurring restriction enzyme site is the second restriction site and is located between codons 5 and 16, such as between 6 and 15, of the encoding sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4.

The cassette will desirably also include a LanA leader sequence and a LanA promoter, and may include in addition one or more cluster genes, particularly where such a cluster gene is required to complement the loss of the equivalent host cell gene.

The cassette of the invention described above may be engineered in a variety of ways. For example, the fragment obtained by cleaving the cassette between the first and second, first and third, or second and third, restriction sites may be replaced with a variant coding sequence encoding a lantibiotic A variant. Thus the invention provides a variant of the cassette of the invention wherein said variant has from 1 to 15 nucleotide substitutions within the encoding region of the encoding sequence.

As an intermediate to the production of such a variant, the sequence of between the first and second, first and third, or second and third, restriction sites may be replaced by a larger stuffer fragment.

In another aspect, the cassette encoding a lantibiotic derivative may be used to transform a host cell to express the derivative, for example to assess its anti-bacterial properties.

In one aspect, a multiplicity of expression cassettes may be made to provide a library of different derivatives, which may then be screened for activity.

An expression cassette of the invention may be based on any cloning and expression vector used in the art for the expression of genes in host cells. Such vectors will include one or more origins of replication, which may be temperature sensitive. The vectors may include a selectable marker, such as the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene, the erythromycin resistance gene, the apramycin resistance gene or the tetracycline resistance gene. The vector may also contain a targeting region, this region being homologous to a genomic sequence present in the host cell outside the LanA gene cluster. Such a vector may be used to integrate the cassette into the genomic sequence homologous to the targeting region.

The expression cassette may also comprise one or more cluster genes in addition to the LanA gene or derivative thereof. Where the host cell is a ΔLanA host cell in which the LanA gene has been inactivated in a manner which also inactivates such a cluster gene (e.g. in the strain disclosed in Altena et al, 2000), it is desirable that this gene or an equivalent gene is provided on the expression cassette.

As used herein, by “at or adjacent the N-terminal encoding region” it is meant that the first base of the restriction site is located at a position from six residues upstream of the ATG codon of the LanA leader sequence to no more than six codons downstream of the first codon of the propeptide. Preferably the first base of the restriction site is located at a position from twelve, preferably six, residues upstream to six residues downstream of the first codon of the propeptide encoding sequence.

In one aspect, the first restriction site is a Bg/II site.

Similarly, by “at or adjacent the C-terminal encoding region” it is meant that the first base of the restriction site either includes at least one of the nucleotides of the termination codon of the propeptide or the 5′ or 3′ nucleotide of the restriction site is no more than twelve, preferably six, residues downstream or upstream respectively of the termination codon.

In one aspect, the third restriction site is a AvrII site.

The second restriction site, when present, will lie between the first and third restriction sites. Preferably the restriction site includes at least one nucleotide present from codon 5 to codon 16, preferably codon 8 to 16 of the propeptide-encoding sequence. In the accompanying examples, a BsrGl site has been introduced by altering codons 6 and 7 of the ActA-encoding sequence. However, other changes are also contemplated by the present invention.

It is also possible to introduce more than one change such that the expression cassette includes two or more sites between the first and third restriction sites.

The cassette may include two or three non-naturally occurring restriction sites. In the accompanying example, all three sites do not normally occur in the ActA sequence encoded by of SEQ ID NO:100.

The expression cassette simplifies the rapid production of lantibiotic derivatives, as discussed further herein below.

In one aspect, the region between the first and second sites, the first and third, or the second and third sites, may be replaced by a stuffer fragment. Where two or more sites between the first and third sites are present, the region between any pair of such sites may also be replaced by a stuffer fragment. A stuffer fragment is a piece of DNA which is larger than the sequence which it replaces. The stuffer fragment may be from 50 to 5000 nucleotides in size, for example from about 500 to 2000 nucleotides in size. The value of introducing these stuffer DNA fragments is that when the region is replaced by a lantibiotic-encoding oligonucleotide there is a significant decrease in plasmid size. The resulting plasmid can thus be readily purified away from any minor population of unrestricted plasmid thus eliminating any background.

A cassette of the invention may be used to introduce specific changes to the ActA sequence in a vector which can then be introduced into a host cell for expression of a lantibiotic. To achieve this, the sequence is desirably operably linked to the LanA (e.g. ActA or LigA) leader sequence, which in turn is operably linked to the LanA promoter (e.g. ActA or LigA)

In addition or as an alternative, the vector comprising the cassette may also include a LanR gene. The LanR gene will be located downstream of, and in tandem with, the lantibiotic A coding sequence.

Expression Libraries

Expression cassettes of the invention may be used to provide libraries of lantibiotic-encoding genes. Such libraries may be made by introducing into the cassette, between the first and second restriction sites, the first and third restriction sites, or the second and third restriction sites, a multiplicity of sequences each of which corresponds to the corresponding ActA or LigA sequence apart from having from 1 to 15, for example from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6, for example from 1 to 3 nucleotide changes compared to the propeptide portion of SEQ ID NOs: 100 or 200. Preferably such changes result in a change of the protein encoded by the sequence. However non-coding changes are not excluded.

Libraries form a further aspect of the invention. Such libraries may comprise from 10 to 100,000, such as from 10 to 10,000 for example from 10 to 1,000 different coding sequences which are variants of the lantibiotic A coding sequence of an expression cassette.

An expression cassette encoding a lantibiotic A derivative may be introduced into a host cell for expression of the lantibiotic.

In one embodiment, the library may be transformed into host cells, and colonies isolated and/or screened for antibacterial activity. The sequences of the lantibiotic A expressed by individual colonies showing such activity can be determined. Where the lantibiotic A shows activity, the invention further provides a lantibiotic obtained by the method of the invention.

Host Cell

Two main types of host cells are envisaged by the present invention. The first type of host cell is a lantibiotic producing host cell. Alternatively the host cell may be a non-producer cell, i.e. does not contain a LanA gene or its associated cluster genes required for producing a LanA polypeptide.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a host cell transformed with a set of expression constructs of the invention. The set of constructs may be any one of Sets 1 to 7 as defined above, or a set based upon any other combination of precursor and cluster polypeptide-encoding nucleic acids. In another embodiment, the host cell may be transformed with a expression cassette of the invention.

In a further embodiment, there is provided a library of host cells, each one comprising a different expression cassette of the invention.

A Lantibiotic-Producing Host Cell.

In one embodiment, the host cell may be a lantibiotic producing host cell. A lantibiotic producing host cell is one in which an expression construct comprising a LanA gene, if introduced into the cell in the absence of any cluster gene, would be expressed and a LanA polypeptide produced. Such cells include any type-B lantibiotic producing cell such as any strain of a bacillus, an actinomycete, or a streptomycete, (e.g. S. lividans or S. coelicolor) which produces a lantibiotic. Examples of such cells include a cinnamycin-producing host cell (Streptomyces cinnamoneus cinnamoneus DSM 40005), or an actagardine-producing Actinoplanes garbadinensis or A. liguriae NCIMB 41362.

Where the invention relates to the productions of compounds of the formula (I) in which -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, the host cell may be A. liguriae NCIMB 41362 without any further modification.

In one aspect, a host cell of this class may comprise a mutation in its endogenous LantibioticA gene such that the gene is not expressed or the gene product is inactive. Such a host cell may be obtained by targeted homologous recombination to delete or mutate the LanA gene of the host cell. Methods to achieve this are known as such in the art and are illustrated in Altena et al, (2000) and WO2005/093069, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The resulting host cell is referred to as a ΔLanA host cell. In one particular embodiment, the host cell is a ΔLigA A. liguriae NCIMB 41362 host cell in which the ligA gene has been inactivated, for example by mutation or deletion, e.g. deletion brought about by homologous recombination. In another embodiment, the host cell is a ΔActA A. garbadinensis host cell in which the ActA gene has been inactivated, for example by mutation or deletion, e.g. deletion brought about by homologous recombination.

The transformation of a host cell of this type with other cluster genes is also contemplated by the present invention, though where the host cell provides cluster genes necessary for the production of a lanA, the provision of such cluster genes is optional.

Non-Producer Cell

A non-producer cell may be any host cell in which expression of a LanA gene encoding a precursor polypeptide capable of being converted to actagardine or a variant thereof, or to a compound of the invention, can produce such a product provided the LanA gene is introduced into the cell as part of a set of expression constructs which are capable of converting a precursor polypeptide to actagardine or a variant thereof, or to a compound of the invention.

A non-producer host cell may be a bacterial host cell. Bacterial host cells include an actinomycete, or a streptomycete, e.g. S. lividans, S. coelicolor or S. cinnamoneus.

Host cells may be those in which the lanO gene is inactivated by mutation or deletion (or in the case of non-producer cells, not present), or those in which the expression of the lanO gene is increased, e.g. by provision of two or more copies of the gene or by linking the gene to a promoter which enhances expression in the host cell. Modulation of the lanO gene in this manner may be desirable to alter the relative levels of oxidized (Y═—S(O)) and reduced (Y═—S—) forms of compounds of the invention produced in the host cell.

Production of Compounds of the Invention

Compounds of the invention may be produced by expression of a nucleic acid, for example in the form of an expression construct encoding a precursor polypeptide carried in a recombinant expression vector, in a host cell which carries a LanA gene together with where necessary, associated cluster genes required for conversion of the precursor polypeptide to the product. As noted above, where the invention relates to the productions of compounds of the formula (I) in which -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, the host cell may be A. liguriae NCIMB 41362 without any further modification.

The introduction of the expression cassette, or vector(s) into a host cell may (particularly for in vitro introduction) be generally referred to without limitation as “transformation”. This may employ any available technique. For bacterial cells, suitable techniques may include calcium chloride transformation, polyethyleneglycol assisted transformation, electroporation, conjugation and transfection or transduction using bacteriophages.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of expressing nucleic acid of the invention, the method comprising providing a host cell (or other expression system) culturing the host cell, so as to express the nucleic acid of interest. The nucleic acid of interest will be in an expression cassette, such that culturing the host cell leads to the production of a product of the invention.

Preferably the nucleic acid of interest is expressed substantially only when the host cell culture reaches high cell density, more preferably at or close to the stationary phase of host cell culture. Cell cultures at or close to stationary phase may have OD650 values in the range of 1-20. Known methods of culturing cells are well known in the art, for example from Sambrook et al (1989), Ausubel et al (2002), and (in particular for Streptomyces spp.) Kieser et al (2000). The expression products of the expression systems may be collected and purified. Isolation methods may comprise capture from the fermentation medium using solvent extraction techniques, adsorption resin such as hydrophobic resins or precipitation methods such as ammonium sulfate precipitation. Purification methods may include chromatography techniques such as ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, reverse phase, normal phase, solid phase extraction and HPLC, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,806 for the isolation of mersacidin

Following culture of the cell, the compounds of the invention may be recovered from the host cell culture. The recovered compounds may be formulated in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, optionally in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Where host cells produce a mixture of compounds of the invention, e.g. those in which Y is —S— or —S(O)— or those in which Z is NH₂ or Ala-, or mixtures of all four types, the products may be isolated using standard separation techniques such as hplc, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,851 for the production of Actagardine and Ala-Actagardine.

The recovered compounds may be formulated in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, optionally in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt

A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, may be an acid addition salt in which the base retains the biological effectiveness and properties of the compound and which is physiologically acceptable. Such salts include those formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.

Salts also include basic salts, such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt, e.g. a sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium salt.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The lantibiotics of the present invention may be formulated together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, excipients, diluents, fillers, buffers, preservatives, antioxidants, lubricants, stabilizers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents. The formulation may further comprise other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents. Thus, the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, adjuvants, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the active compound.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein pertains to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Each carrier, adjuvant, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.

Compositions may be formulated for any suitable route and means of administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents include those used in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

For solid compositions, conventional non-toxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like may be used. The active compound as defined above may be formulated as suppositories using, for example, polyalkylene glycols, acetylated triglycerides and the like, as the carrier. Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc, an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see “Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”, 20th Edition, 2000, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. The composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the active compound(s) in an amount effective to alleviate the symptoms of the subject being treated.

Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.25 to 95% with the balance made up from non-toxic carrier may be prepared.

For oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic composition is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium, carbonate, and the like. Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like. Such compositions may contain 1%-95% active ingredient, more preferably 2-50%, most preferably 5-8%.

Parenteral administration is generally characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol or the like. In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, etc.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment or gel containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

The percentage of active compound contained in such parental or topical compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject. However, percentages of active ingredient of 0.1% to 10% w/w employable, and will be higher if the composition is a solid which will be subsequently diluted to the above percentages. Preferably, the composition will comprise 0.2-2% w/w of the active agent in solution.

Further teaching regarding suitable carriers, adjuvants, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”, 20th Edition, 2000, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994.

Administration of Compounds

Lantibiotic compounds and compositions of the invention may be administered to a subject in a method of medical treatment or prophylaxis. The subject may be a human or animal subject. The animal subject may be a mammal, or other vertebrate.

Thus there is provided a compound of the invention for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a subject. There is also provided use of a compound of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a subject.

The method of treatment may be of a bacterial infection, including a skin, mucosal, enteric or systemic infection.

The variants and composition may be used for systemic treatment of bacteraemia (including catheter related bacteraemia), pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections (including surgical site infections), endocarditis and osteomyelitis. These and other such treatments may be directed against causative agents such as staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci. The compounds of the invention or compositions thereof may also be used for topical treatment of skin infections including acne ie. Propionibacterium acnes. The variants and compositions thereof may also be used in the treatment of eye infections, such as conjunctivitis, and for oral treatment for gut super-infection, such as that caused by Clostridium difficile including multiply-resistant C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis), or gut infections associated with Helicobacter pylori.

The variants may also be used in the treatment or prevention of infection of the skin in wounds or burns. In addition, the variants and compositions thereof may be used in prophylactic methods, such as for the clearance of the nares to prevent transmission of MRSA. This may be practiced on subjects at risk of infection (e.g. patients entering a hospital) or on health professionals or other carers at risk of being carriers of such infections. Prophylactic clearance of gut flora ahead of abdominal surgery is also contemplated.

The compounds according to the invention can be administered enterally (orally), parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously), rectally or locally (topically). They can be administered in the form of solutions, powders (tablets, capsules including microcapsules), ointments (creams or gel), or suppositories. Possible auxiliaries for formulations of this type are the pharmaceutically customary liquid or solid fillers and extenders, solvents, emulsifiers, lubricants, flavor corrigents, colorants and/or buffer substances. As an expedient dose, 0.1-1000, preferably 0.2-100, mg/kg of body weight are administered. They are expediently administered in dose units which contain at least the efficacious daily amount of the compounds according to the invention, e.g. 30-3000, preferably 50-1000, mg.

The experimental basis of the present invention, including its best mode, will now be further described in detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of Gene Clusters

Identifying and cloning the actagardine biosynthetic gene clusters from A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae.

O/SBDIG-1 is a digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled degenerate oligonucleotide composed of 48 bases. It was designed by translating the known amino acid sequence of actagardine and considering codon usage for Actinoplanes. Southern hybridisation analysis of genomic DNA isolated from A. garbadinensis and digested using the restriction enzyme NcoI, identified a ˜3 kb fragment which hybridised to O/SBDIG-1. The NcoI digest of the genomic DNA was repeated and DNA fragments of ˜3 kb were isolated and cloned into NcoI cut pLITMUS28 (NEB). The resulting plasmids were introduced into E. coli DH10B cells and then analysed by Southern hybridisation using the probe O/SBDIG-1. A hybridising clone was identified and submitted for sequence analysis. Sequencing revealed that this plasmid designated pLITAG01 consists of DNA encoding the lanA structural gene for actagardine biosynthesis (actA) together with an upstream region believed to encode a portion of an ABC sugar transporter and a region downstream partially encoding lan M (actM).

The primers O/ACT08F and O/ACT09R were designed based upon sequence from pLITAG01. Using these primers in a PCR reaction together with DIG-labelled dNTPs (Roche) and pLITAG01 as a template, a 2296 by DIG-labelled DNA fragment was generated and designated SBDIG-2.

Two cosmid libraries were generated by cloning Sau3AI digested genomic DNA from A. garbadinensis ATCC 31049 and A. liguriae NCIMB 41362, into the cosmid SuperCos1 (Stratagene) previously digested using BamHI. Each cosmid library was analysed by Southern hybridisation using SBDIG-1. Twenty-five cosmids from each library believed to hybridise to SBDIG-1 were selected and re-analysed via Southern hybridisation using the probes O/SBDIG-1 and SBDIG-2. Nine cosmids derived from genomic DNA from A. garbadinensis and eleven cosmids derived from genomic DNA from A. liguriae hybridised to both probes. DNA was isolated from each cosmid and sequenced using the primers T3 and T7. The cosmids CosAL02 and CosAG14 were subsequently fully sequenced (Sequencing facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge).

Materials and Methods

Strains

Bacterial strains used in the present invention are summarised in Table 5.

Vectors

The cosmid SuperCos1 was obtained from Stratagene.

The plasmid pLITMUS was obtained from New England Biolabs.

Primers

Primer SEQ. name ID Sequence 5′-3′ O/SBDIG-1 300 TGGGTSTGCACSCTSACSATCGARTGCGGNACSGTS ATCTGCGCSTGC O/ACT08F 301 TCCAGCACGCGCGGGG O/ACT09R 302 GTTCGACCAGCCGCCC Southern Hybridisation

Labelling of DNA Probe

DNA hybridisation probes were prepared using the Digoxygenin (DIG) PCR DNA labeling and detection kit supplied by Roche, according to their instructions.

Transfer of DNA to Nylon Membrane

The DNA of interest was initially separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nylon membrane (Hybond-N, Amersham Int., UK) using a vacuum blotter (Q BIO gene). The time taken for depurination of the DNA using 0.5 M HCl was judged by the time taken for the bromophenol blue marker band to turn completely yellow (typically 15-20 min for a 0.7% agarose gel). The DNA was then systematically denatured with 1.5 M NaCl, 1.5 M NaOH and then neutralised using 0.5 M Tris, 1.5 M NaCl, pH 8.0 for a further 15-20 min each. Complete blotting of the DNA was facilitated by flooding with 20×SSC for a minimum of 60 min. After removing the blotted membrane from the vacuum it was left to air dry at room temperature. The DNA was cross-linked by placing the membrane (DNA face down) on a UV transilluminator (UVP) and exposing it to UV at a wavelength of 365 nm for 5 min.

Colony Lifts and Hybridisation

Colonies to be screened by hybridisation were transferred onto a nylon membrane (Roche diagnostics). This was achieved by placing the positively charged nylon membrane over the colonies and pressing firmly for 1 min to ensure effective transfer. Reference points were marked on the membrane to indicate its orientation with respect to the colonies. Following this, the membrane was removed and prepared for hybridisation as directed in the Roche user's manual (DIG Application manual for filter hybridisation).

Hybridisation and Development of Membranes

DNA was hybridised with the prepared probe overnight (˜16 hr) at 68° C. in a HB-1000 hybridisation oven (UVP). Following hybridisation the membrane was washed for 2 periods of 5 min at room temperature using 2× salt sodium citrate (SSC)+0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). These washes were followed with a second series of 2×15 min washes at 68° C. using 1×SSC+0.1% SDS for the membrane hybridised in the presence of SBDIG-1 and 0.1×SSC+0.1% SDS for the membrane screened using SBDIG-2. Membranes were then developed as recommended in the Roche user's manual (DIG Application manual for filter hybridisation).

Software

The consensus sequences were analysed using FramePlot version 2.3.2, BioEdit sequence alignment editor, ClustalW (EMBL-EBI) and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST, NCBI).

Results and Discussion

CosAG14

The cosmid, CosAG14, contains a 38168 by fragment of genomic DNA isolated from A. garbadinensis. Sequence analysis has identified DNA encoding the leader and actagardine prepeptide, this gene has been assigned the name actA. Two alanine residues lie immediately upstream of the actagardine prepeptide. These residues are believed to represent the recognition site for protease cleavage of the leader peptide from actagardine. Partial cleavage at this position resulting in the retention of an alanine is thought to result in the production of ala-actagardine routinely observed in fermentation broths of A. garbadinensis. Downstream of the actA gene lies a 3162 by region of DNA with strong sequence similarity to several lanM proteins, for example, mrsM (30% identity) from the mersacidin gene cluster. This putative gene has been designated actM and is thought to be involved in the modification of the actagardine prepeptide, catalysing dehydration and thioether formation. An open reading frame designated actO, that is located 11 bp downstream of actM encodes a 341-amino-acid protein with sequence similarity (˜39% identity) to several luciferase-type monooxygenases. The role of the monooxygenase, ActO, is believed to be to catalyse the incorporation of oxygen generating actagardine from deoxy-actagardine. In reverse orientation to actO and located 62 bp downstream is the open reading frame named actR. The protein product of this orf shows sequence similarity (˜37% identity) to several two-component response regulators. Positioned 789 by downstream and in the same orientation to actR lies a putative 812 amino-acid protein that shows sequence similarity (˜25% identity) to ABC transporter permeases. This putative protein designated actT is potentially responsible for the export of the modified lantibiotic from the cell. The amino acid sequences of the second and fourth orf downstream of actT show similarity (˜30% identity) to response regulator kinases and penicillin binding proteins respectively. Recent work on the nisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Listeria monocytogenes (Gravesen et al., 2004) has demonstrated that a histidine kinase together with a penicillin-binding protein and protein of unknown function are involved in conferring nisin resistance. The presence of analogous genes within close proximity to the actA may indicate that these genes are involved in an actagardine resistance mechanism.

CosAL02

The cosmid CosAL02 contains a 40402 by fragment of genomic DNA isolated from Actinoplanes liguriae. Sequence analysis has identified a lanA gene encoding a 64-amino-acid protein with strong sequence homology (50 identical residues) to the actA gene identified in the cosmid CosAG14. We have termed this species of lanA gene as ligA. The amino acid sequence of the prepeptide of this lanA differs from that of actagardine by two residues indicated in the alignment of the two genes shown below (SEQ. ID 119 and SEQ. ID 212):

AG actA MSALAIEKSWKDVDLADGATSHPAGLGFGELTFEDLREDRTIYAASSGWVCTLTIECGTVICAC 64 AL lanA MSAITVETTWKNTDLREDLTAHPAGLGFGELSFEDLREDRTIYAASSGWVCTLTIECGTLVCAC 64 ***:::*.:**:.***:. *:**********:***************************::***

The mutations V15L and I16V would generate a protein with an identical mass to actagardine and would therefore not be distinguished by mass spectroscopy (lc-ms) analysis. The potential product of the lanA gene identified in CosAL02 represents a novel lantibiotic. An open reading frame that lies 321 bp upstream of ligA encodes a putative 286-amino acid protein that shows sequence similarity (46% identity) to the StrR protein of Streptomyces glaucescens. The StrR protein is a pathway-specific DNA binding activator involved in the regulation of streptomycin gene expression. The sequence similarity (31% identity) of the orf lying downstream of ligA suggests that it encodes for a 1046-amino-acid lanM polypeptide (called “ligM” below) potentially involved in modification of the ligA prepeptide. The start codon of the following downstream open reading frame, lanT (ligT), overlaps the stop codon of ligM. LigT is a 575 amino-acid protein with sequence similarity to several ABC-transporters. LanT proteins are responsible for the secretion of either the final mature product or the posttranslationally modified product still attached to its leader sequence. As observed in the cosmid, CosAG14, the next orf downstream of ligT encodes for a 347 amino-acid protein with sequence similarity (˜38% identity) to luciferase-type monooxygenases. This putative monooxygenase (ligO) is believed to be involved in the incorporation of oxygen and sulfoxide bond formation. Positioned downstream of ligO and in reverse orientation lies a putative 217 amino-acid protein that shows sequence similarity (˜37%) to several two-component response regulators. This putative regulator has been designated ligR.

TABLE 1 Annotation of CosAG14 (38168 bp fragment isolated from A. garbadinensis. The SuperCos1 vector backbone sequence is omitted) Position Size AAs Start-end Gene Description (DNA) Frame (bp) (3AA) orf1 Hypothetical protein 482-42  −1 146 (441) MPR-RCG orf2 Hypothetical protein 2824-2375 −2 149 (450) VSV-ERA orf3 ATPase AAA involved in 4432-2876 −2 518 (1557) VER-TNR cell division orf4 Sugar hydolase 6002-5391 −1 203 (612) VGE-NYS orf5 Endoglucanase 6484-5825 −2 219 (660) MRR-TVR orf6 Cytosine/adenine deaminase 6627-7112 +3 161 (486) MTI-PAQ orf7 Unknown 7756-8997 +1 413 (1242) VTT-YDK orf8 Unknown 9586-8933 −2 217 (654) VGK-FRG orf9 Pyruvate oxidase 11886-10108 −3 592 (1779) VSD-DPS orf10 Hydrolase or acyltransferase 12066-12866 +3 266 (801) VSR-SGT orf11 Aldose epimerase 13116-14306 +3 396 (1191) MTE-TAD orf12 ABC sugar transport 14385-15521 +3 378 (1137) MPR-AHG periplasmic component orf13 ABC sugar transport 15514-16572 +1 352 (1059) MDD-GRS permease orf14 ABC transport protein. ATP- 16569-17330 +3 253 (762) MTA-RGR binding orf15 Hypothetical protein. 18102-17335 −3 255 (768) MES-RKR Methyltransferase orf16 ABC transport permease 18962-18120 −1 280 (843) MPP-RKG orf17 ABC transport permease 19896-18991 −3 301 (906) MSA-ESE orf18 ABC transport substrate 21236-19899 −1 445 (1338) MFI-SGR binding orf19 actA, structural gene 21572-21766 +2 64 (195) MSA-CAC orf20 actM, modification gene 21837-24998 +3 1053 (3162) MSP-PLT orf21 actO, monooxygenase 25009-26034 +1 341 (1026) MPE-PAA orf22 actR, response regulator 26791-26096 −2 231 (696) MRS-CLS orf23 actT, ABC transporter 29323-26885 −2 812 (2439bp) MLA-LTR associated permease orf24 Hypothetical protein 29462-30196 +2 244 (735) MIV-RNR orf25 Reponse regulator kinase 30235-31338 +1 367 (1104) VLR-ARA orf26 Response regulator sensor 31335-31997 +3 220 (663) MTR-AVG orf27 Penicillin binding protein 32138-34486 +2 782 (2349) MLI-PPR orf28 Methyltransferase 35209-34448 −2 253 (762) MAP-DRR orf29 Hydrolase 36030-35245 −3 261 (786) VPR-PPP orf30 Response regulator 36086-36820 +2 244 (735) VSP-TGS orf31 Fructose biphosphate 36844-37689 +1 281 (846) MKD-RAW aldolase orf32 Hydrolase 37590-38168 +3 192 (579) MGS-DPA

TABLE 2 Annotation of CosAL02 (40402 bp fragment isolated from A. liguriae. The SuperCos1 vector backbone sequence is omitted). Position Size AAs Start-end Gene Description (DNA) Frame (bp) (3AA) orf1 Secretion system protein 1008-1   −2 335 (1008) VRL-VDI orf2 Response regulator 2198-1122 −3 358 (1077) MSE-LFP orf3 Hypothetical protein 3088-2288 −1 266 (801)  MRR-VVR orf4 Hypothetical protein 4410-3112 −2 432 (1299) MRR-RTG orf5 Response regulator ATP- 5205-4795 −2 136 (411)  MWK-SAR binding orf6 ABC sugar transporter 5516-6607 +2 363 (1092) MFN-SAY orf7 ABC sugar transporter ATP- 6673-8178 +1 501 (1506) MLL-DEH binding orf8 ABC transport permease 8168-9127 +2 319 (960)  MST-RTR orf9 ABC transporter permease 9130-10092 +1 320 (963)  MSI-RRS protein orf10 Metallopeptidase 12046-10586 −1 486 (1461) MRT-PGS orf11 Putative StrR-like regulator 12460-13320 +1 286 (861)  MDS-DAA orf12 ligA 13641-13835 +3 64 (195) MSA-CAC orf13 ligM 13907-17047 +2 1046 (3141) MSS-THV orf14 ligT, ABC transporter 17040-18767 +3 575 (1728) MSE-LLT orf15 ligO, Luciferase type 18785-19828 +2 347 (1044) MLS-RRW monoxygenase orf16 ligR, Response regulator 20459-19806 −3 217 (654)  MAD-ELA orf17 ABC-transporter associated 23069-20625 −3 814 (2445) MIF-LVR permease orf18 ABC-transporter. ATP-binding 23788-23066 −1 240 (723)  MVS-VTS protein orf19 Histidine kinase 23980-25068 +1 362 (1089) VIA-AVP orf20 Response regulator 25065-25721 +3 218 (657)  MTE-GPS orf21 Putative membrane protein 26673-25768 −2 301 (906)  MPI-RFP orf22 alpha-beta hydolase 26697-27569 +3 290 (873)  MRN-ASR orf23 Transcriptional regulator 27574-28011 +1 145 (438)  VRL-RLG orf24 Pyruvoyl-dependent arginine 28102-28629 +1 175 (528)  MAD-GMN decarboxylase orf25 Putative diaminopimelate 30946-29626 −2 406 (1221) MTL-LYA decarboxylase orf26 Kinase 31860-30931 −2 309 (930)  VRS-PDL orf27 Transcriptional regulator 33248-32145 −3 367 (1104) VVF-ANS orf28 Glycosyl transferase 33600-34553 +3 317 (954)  MPS-NAG orf29 Glycosyl transferase 34543-35652 +1 369 (1110) MPA-ARV orf30 Dihydrolipoamide 36432-37811 +3 459 (1380) MGE-INF dehydrogenase orf31 Putative membrane protein 37973-39019 +2 348 (1047) MTT-TPG

EXAMPLE 2 Expression Cassette

Generation of an Expression Cassette

This example illustrates the production of an expression cassette according to the present invention. This expression cassette, plasmid pAGvarX has been designed for the efficient generation of variant lanA genes of the present invention which can then be introduced into a host cell, such as a strain of A. garbadinensis in which the wild-type actA has been removed (A. garbadinensis Δ actA). This plasmid, a derivative of the vector pSET152 (Bierman et al., 1992) will integrate into the host's chromosome via the attP attachment site. Expression of the mutated actA gene by the host organism together with the remaining wild-type genes of the actagardine biosynthetic gene cluster should generate actagardine variants.

Construction of the Plasmid pAGvarX

Unless stated otherwise all quoted positions relate to SEQ ID NO:100. The scheme for the construction of plasmid pAGvarX is shown in FIG. 3. The base adjacent to the orf lying upstream of the actA at position 21237 to the leucine residue within the actA encoding region at position 21672 was amplified by PCR using the primers O/AGvar01bF and O/AGvar02bR (primer table) and pLITAG01 as a template. The primers were designed to introduce a flanking XbaI site at the 5′ end and a Bg/II site via a silent mutation at the 3′ leucine region encoding the actA. This fragment was introduced into dephosphorylated pUC19 previously digested using SmaI to yield pAGvar1.

The region of DNA spanning from the C-terminus of the actA to the adjacent downstream orf (21758-21836 inclusive) was amplified by PCR using the primers O/AGvar05F and O/AGvar06R and pLITAG01 as a template. The primers were designed to introduce a flanking AvrII site at the 5′ position and an EcoRI site at the 3′ end. The resulting PCR product was cloned into dephosphorylated pUC19 previously digested using SmaI to yield pAGvar2. The plasmids pAGvar1 and pAGvar2 were then digested using XbaI and the PCR fragment from pAGvar1 recovered and cloned into dephosphorylated XbaI digested pAGvar2, the correct orientation of the incoming fragment was determined by restriction analysis. The resulting plasmid pAGvar3 was subsequently digested using Bg/II and AvrII and ligated to the annealed oligonucleotides O/AGvar03F and O/AGvar04R generating pAGvar4. The plasmid pAGvar4 was subsequently digested using EcoRI and XbaI and the resulting ˜620 by fragment including the annealed oligonucleotides introduced into pSET152 previously digested using EcoRI and XbaI yielding the vector pAGvarX.

The region of pAGvarX constructed by annealing the respective oligonucleotides, introduce a BsrGI site via a silent mutation at the amino acids 6 and 7 (C and T respectively) with respect to the actagardine peptide. This site can be used in conjunction with either the upstream Bg/II site or downstream AvrII site to introduce DNA encoding targeted mutations to any of the amino acids encoded within the actA peptide.

EXAMPLE 3 Host Cell

This example illustrates the production of a lantibiotic-producing host cell in which the lanA gene has been inactivated. In this example, the host cell is A. garbadinensis in which the actA gene has been deleted.

Construction of the Strain A. garbadinensis Δ actA

The strain A. garbadinensis Δ actA is utilized as a host for expressing variants of the actagardine structural gene actA. This strain was generated from wild-type A. garbadinensis using the Redirect technology developed by Gust et al., 2002. Firstly, the region of DNA from the cosmid CosAG14 encoding actA was replaced with the cassette SBdel-1. SBdel-1 consists of the apramycin resistance gene (aac(3)IV) and oriT flanked by FLP recognition target (FRT) sites and was amplified by PCR using the plasmid p1J773 as the template together with the primers O/SB50F and O/SB51R which bind at 21536 and 21802 of SEQ ID NO:100 respectively. Following the Redirect protocol (Gust et al., 2004), actA of CosAG14 was replaced with SBdel-1 generating the cosmid CosAG14ΔA. The central part of the SBdel-1 cassette was subsequently removed from CosAG14ΔA by FLP-mediated excision following step 7 of the Redirect protocol generating CosAG14ΔB. Removal of this region allows the generation of non-polar, unmarked in-frame deletions as well as repeated use of the same resistance marker (Gust et al., 2003).

The second stage of construction was to engineer the cosmid so that it could be introduced into A. garbadinensis via conjugation. This began by first inserting CosAG14ΔB into the E. coli strain BW25113/p1J790 by transformation. The ampicillin gene of CosAG14ΔB was then replaced with SBdel-2 following the Redirect protocol (Gust et al., 2004) generating the cosmid CosAG14ΔC. The cassette SBdel-2, like SBdel-1, houses the apramycin resistance gene (aac(3) IV) and oriT flanked by FRT sites but was generated using the primers O/SB52F and O/SB53R together with the template p1J773.

CosAG14ΔC was used to transform electrocompetent cells of E. coli ET12567/pUZ8002 before being conjugated with A. garbadinensis following the Redirect protocol (Gust et al., 2004; see also following paragraph). The resulting strain in which the actA gene has been removed from the chromosome of the wild-type producer is A. garbadinensis Δ actA.

In more detail, to obtain the A. garbadinensis Δ actA strain above, CosAG14ΔC was used to transform electrocompetent cells of E. coli ET12567/pUZ8002 before being conjugated with A. garbadinensis. Apramycin resistant exconjugants were obtained and sub-cultured through six successive rounds of growth in TSB without apramycin. Cells from culture 6 were plated onto medium 65 and incubated at 30° C. After 5 days colonies were transferred and patched out over an area of approximately 1 cm² onto medium 65. After 3 days incubation at 30° C. the patched cells were transferred to medium 65 containing apramycin at a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. Following 72 h incubation at 30° C., cells sensitive to apramycin were selected and the respective patches used to inoculate 50 ml flasks containing 10 ml TSB and grown at 30° C., 250 rpm for 4 days. Genomic DNA was prepared from each culture and analysed by PCR using oligonucleotides O/AGvar01bF and O/AGvar06r. PCR products of a size consistent with the deletion of the actA gene were generated. In parallel, analysis of fermentation broths by hplc demonstrated that these same samples did not produce actagardine.

EXAMPLE 4 Heterologous Expression

This example illustrates the expression of actagardine from the SEQ ID NO:100 gene cluster in a host cell which is a non-producer cell, S. lividans. Such host cells provide an alternative means of generating active variants of these two peptides.

The cosmids CosAG14 and CosAL02 containing the biosynthetic gene clusters encoding the production of actagardine and deoxy-actagardine B do not possess an origin of transfer (oriT) necessary to facilitate conjugal transfer to a heterologous host. Using Redirect technology (Gust et al., 2002) an oriT together with a phage attachment site attP and integrase (int) can be introduced into the SuperCos1 backbone of CosAG14 and CosAL02 replacing the neomycin resistance gene, neo.

Construction of Vectors for Heterologous Expression.

The cosmid pMJCOS1 (supplied by the JIC, Norwich) is a derivative of SuperCos1 (Stratagene) in which the gene encoding for neomycin resistance has been replaced by a cassette (HEapra) which includes DNA encoding an oriT, attP, integrase (int) and apramycin resistance gene (aac(3) IV). The cassette HEapra was isolated by digesting pMJCOS1 with SspI and recovering the DNA from an agarose gel. This cassette together with CosAG14 and CosAL02 were used to generate the cosmids CosAG14HEapra and CosAL02HEapra respectively following the Redirect protocol as described by Gust et al., 2004.

The cosmid CosAG14HEapra was subsequently introduced into S. lividans via conjugation. Apramycin resistant exconjugants of S. lividans/CosAG14HEapra were isolated. Three exconjugants were used to inoculate TSB seed media. S. lividans, A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae were grown in parallel to provide controls. Following 48 h incubation the seed cultures were used to inoculate a range of four different production media namely, AAS1, GM1, GM3 and TSB. These cultures were incubated for a total of nine days at 30° C. with 1.5 ml aliquots being removed from each flask after 5, 7 and 9 days incubation. The aliquots were centrifuged at 14000 rpm (IEC micromax benchtop centrifuge) for 10 minutes and the supernatants then decanted and used undiluted for bioassays and HPLC-MS analysis.

Zones of inhibition (haloes) indicative of the presence of a biological active compound(s) were observed around all of the wells loaded with supernatants of S. lividans containing the cosmid CosAG14HEapra (S. lividans/CosAG14HEapra) except for wells loaded with supernatant from fermentations in TSB where no haloes were generated. No biological activity was observed around wells loaded with supernatant from fermentations of S. lividans grown in any of the four media. Haloes were evident around all wells loaded with supernatants from cultures of A. liguriae and A. garbadinensis where growth was supported. All haloes were consistently generated from the first day of sampling on day 5 through to day 9 although a general reduction in the diameter of the haloes was evident.

HPLC-MS analysis of the supernatants from the fermentations of S. lividans/CosAG14HEapra confirm the presence of peaks with retention times and masses corresponding to ala(O)actagardine. These same peaks were absent from supernatants of S. lividans only. Table 3 summarises the HPLC-MS analyses of supernatants from fermentation of S. lividans, S. lividans/CosAG14HEapra, A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae following incubation for 5 days.

TABLE 3 Concentration Retention Molecular Fermentation of product Time ion Sample medium (μg/ml) (min) (m/z) Identity S. lividans/ GM1 83 6.75 981 Ala(O)Actagardine CosAG14HEapra (M + 2H)⁺² 991 Ala(O)Actagardine (M + H + Na)⁺² S. lividans/ GM3 33 6.75 981 Ala(O)Actagardine CosAG14HEapra (M + 2H)⁺² 991 Ala(O)Actagardine (M + H + Na)⁺² S. lividans GM1 Not Detected Not Not Not Detected Detected Detected S. lividans GM3 Not Detected Not Not Not Detected Detected Detected A. garbadinensis GM1 58 6.9  945 Actagardine (M + 2H)⁺² A. garbadinensis GM3 24 6.8  981 Ala(O)Actagardine (M + 2H)⁺² 991 Ala(O)Actagardine (M + H + Na)⁺² A. liguriae GM1 Not detected 7.06 937 Deoxy- actagardineB (M + 2H)⁺² A. liguriae GM3 Not detected 7.06 937 Deoxy- actagardineB (M + 2H)⁺²

EXAMPLE 5 Antibacterial Activities

MIC Determination

A selection of the variants produced as disclosed herein above were tested further for activity against a range of bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all organisms with the exception of Streptococcus pneumoniae were determined by two-fold serial antibiotic dilutions in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) supplemented with calcium chloride dehydrate to a final calcium concentration of 400 μg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for S. pneumoniae were determined by two-fold serial antibiotic dilutions in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth supplemented with 400 μg/ml calcium chloride dihydrate. Antimicrobial agent stock solutions were prepared and stored according to NCCLS standard M7-A6.

Actively growing broth cultures were diluted to contain 105 to 106 CFU/ml by adjusting to an absorbance of 0.2-0.3 at 600 nm, equivalent to the McFarland 0.5 standard. They were then diluted a further 1:100 in broth. The assays were performed in duplicate in sterile 96-well microtitre plates in a total volume of 200 μl (160 μl broth, 20 μl antibiotic, 20 μl inoculum) in a concentration range from 64 μg/ml to 0.06 μg/ml. The 12th well of the microtitre plate contained no antimicrobial agent. Vancomycin was used as a reference antibiotic for quality control. Plates were incubated aerobically, shaking, for 18-20 hours at 37° C. with the MIC defined as the lowest concentration of drug that produced no visible growth.

E. faecium E. faecalis S. aureus S. aureus S. epidermidis S. pneumoniae 19579 29212 R33 SH1000 11047 R6 Actagardine 4, 4 <4, <4 16, 8  8, 8 8, 8 <4, <4 Actagardine 4, 4 <4, <4 16, 16 8, 8 8, 8 <4, <4 Ala(O)Actagardine 8, 8 4, 4 8, 8 8, 8 8, 4 <4, <4 Ala(O)Actagardine 32, 16 8, 8 <4, <4 8, 8 8, 8 <4, <4 Deoxyactardine B 16, 16 4, 4 16, 16 16, 16 16, 16 8, 8 Deoxyactardine B 16, 16 <4, <4 16, 16 16, 16 16, 16 <4, <4

EXAMPLE 6 NMR Analysis

NMR Studies on Actagardine and Deoxy-actagardine

NMR spectroscopy (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and NOESY) was successfully used to confirm the sequencing results obtained from producers of actagardine (A. garbadinensis) and deoxy-actagardine B (A. liguriae). Whilst the data obtained did not permit a completely unambiguous assignment of all residues, it was consistent with the structures shown in FIG. 4 and sufficient to confirm that deoxy-actagardine B from A. liguriae has at positions 15 and 16 the residues Leu and Val respectively.

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of Derivatives

The following derivatives of deoxy-actagardine B were made, in which the groups Z and the C-terminal amide were as follows:

Compound Structures Compound Z C-terminal amide I H

II H

III H

IV D-Ala H V L-Ile H VI L-Val H VII L-Phe H VIII L-Lys H IX L-Tryp H

The synthesis of the compounds I-XI was as follows:

General Procedure 1. Preparation of Compounds I-III

To a solution of deoxy-actagardine B (20 mg, 11 nmol), the appropriate amine (11 nmol) and diisopropylethylamine (7.2 μl, 70 nmol) in dry dimethylformamide (0.8 ml) were added 200 μl of a solution of benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop) (70 mg, 134 nmol) in dry dimethylformamide (1.0 ml). The mixture was analysed by HPLC to follow the progress of the reaction, adding further aliquots of the Pybop solution until all the starting material had been consumed. HPLC analysis at this stage also showed variable amounts (5-20%) of the diamide. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with 30% acetonitrile in 20 mM Kpi aqueous phosphate buffer, pH 7 (10 ml) and the monoamide was purified by preparative HPLC using the conditions described in Table 4. The appropriate fractions were concentrated to 25% of their original volume and desalted by loading on to a preconditioned C18 Bond Elut column (500 mg) which was subsequently washed by sequential elution with two column volumes of 30, 40, 70 and 90% aqueous methanol. Evaporation of the appropriate fractions gave the desired products as white solids.

Compound I: Deoxy-Actagardine B N-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]monocarboxamide

Was obtained from coupling of deoxyactagardine B and 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine according to General Procedure 1. Yield 18 mg, 85% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 979.0; found 980.2.

Compound II: Deoxy-Actagardine B N-[1-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)piperazine]monocarboxamide

Was obtained from the coupling of deoxyactagardine B and 4-(piperidino)piperazine according to General Procedure 1. Yield 8 mg, 37% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 1019.5; found 1020.0. [M+3H 3⁺] calculated 680.0; found 680.0.

Compound III: Deoxy-Actagardine B [1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)piperazine]monocarboxamide

Was obtained from the coupling of Deoxy-actagardine B and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)piperazine according to general procedure 1. Yield 10 mg, 46% [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 1013.5; found 1014.0.

General Procedure 2. Preparation of Compounds IV-IX

A solution of the appropriate Fmoc protected amino acid (34 nmol) in dry dimethylformamide (0.4 ml) was treated with a solution of benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop) (11.4 mg, 22 nmol) and diisopropylethylamine (11 μl, 68 nmol) in dry dimethylformamide (0.4 ml). The mixture was then added to a solution of Deoxy-Actagardine B (2 mg, 11 nmol) in dry dimethylformamide (0.5 ml) The mixture was left at room temperature for 1 h, after which time analytical HPLC (30-65% acetonitrile in 20 mM Kpi aqueous phosphate buffer, pH 7) showed complete conversion of the starting material. The reaction mixture was diluted with 40% aqueous methanol (20 ml) and the mixture was passed through a C18 Bond Elute column (500 mg) that had been preconditioned by washing with two column volumes of 100% methanol followed by two column volumes of water. The column was eluted sequentially with two column volumes of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% aqueous methanol. The fractions were analysed by HPLC and the fractions containing the Fmoc-protected coupling product were evaporated to dryness. The residue was taken up in dimethylformamide (1 ml) and piperidine (50 μl) was added to remove the Fmoc protecting group. Progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC and after complete consumption of the starting material the solution was diluted into 30% aqueous methanol (20 ml). The mixture was then eluted through a C18 Bond Elut cartridge (500 mg) as previously described and the product obtained after evaporation of the appropriate fractions was further purified by preparative HPLC using the conditions described in Table 4. The appropriate fractions were concentrated to 25% of their original volume and desalted by loading on to a preconditioned C18 Bond Elut column (500 mg) which was subsequently washed by sequential elution with two column volumes of 30, 40, 70 and 90% aqueous methanol. Evaporation of the appropriate fractions gave the desired products as white solids.

Compound IV: D-Ala (0)deoxy-actagardine B

Was prepared according to general procedure 2 from Deoxy-actagardine B and Fmoc-D-alanine in 74% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 972.5; found 973.0.

043/188

Compound V: L-Ile(0)deoxy-actagardine B

Was prepared according to general procedure 2 from Deoxy-actagardine B and Fmoc-L-isoleucine in 27% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 993.5; found 993.8.

Compound VI: L-Val(0)deoxyactagardine B

Was prepared according to general procedure 2 from Deoxy-actagardine B and Fmoc-L-valine in 55% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 986.5; found 985.9.

Compound VII: L-Phe(0)deoxyactagardine B

Was prepared according to general procedure 2 from Deoxy-actagardine B and Fmoc-L-phenylalanine in 22% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 1010.5; found 1010.9.

Compound VIII: L-Lys(0)deoxyactagardine B

Was prepared according to general procedure 2 from Deoxy-actagardine B and Bis(Fmoc)-L-lysine in 45% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 1001.0; found 1001.6.

Compound IX: L-Tryp(0)deoxyactagardine B

Was prepared according to general procedure 2 from Deoxy-actagardine B and Fmoc-L-tryptophan in 55% yield. [M+2H 2⁺] calculated 1030.0; found 1029.9.

EXAMPLE 8 Further Antibacterial Data

MIC Determination

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus spp.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined and antimicrobial agent stock solutions were prepared and stored according to the NCCLS reference microdilution broth method for aerobic bacteria (M7-A6, 2003). MICs were determined by two-fold serial antibiotic dilutions in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (S. pneumoniae). Actively growing broth cultures were adjusted in sterile broth or by direct colony suspension (S. pneumoniae) to a turbidity equivalent to the McFarland 0.5 standard (1×10⁸ CFU/ml), then further diluted in sterile broth for a final inoculum in sterile 96-well microtitre plates of approximately 5×10⁵ CFU/ml. The assays were performed in duplicate with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 included as a reference control strain and Vancomycin as a reference antibiotic for quality control. Plates were incubated aerobically, shaking, for 18-20 hours at 37° C. with the MIC defined as the lowest concentration of drug that produced no visible growth.

Clostridium difficile

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for C. difficile were determined and antimicrobial agent stock solutions were prepared and stored according to the NCCLS reference agar dilution method for anaerobic bacteria (M11-A5, 2001). Two-fold serial antibiotic dilutions were prepared in Wilkens-Chalgren agar (WCA). Test organisms were selected from 48 hour growth on Braziers (C.C.E.Y.) agar, subcultured in Schaedler broth to a density equivalent to a McFarland 0.5 standard (1×10⁸ CFU/ml), with a final inoculum onto WCA plates of approximately 10⁵ CFU/spot. Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 was included as a reference control strain and Metronidazole was used as a reference antibiotic for quality control. All manipulations were performed in duplicate in ambient atmosphere in pre-reduced media with only brief exposure to oxygen. Plates were incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at 37° C. with the MIC defined as the concentration of drug where a marked reduction occurred in the appearance of growth on the test plate compared to growth on the anaerobic control plate.

Propionibacterium acnes

Test organisms were selected from 3-7 day growth on Wilkens-Chalgren agar (WCA) supplemented with furazolidone (1-2 μg/ml). Fresh Wilkens-Chalgren broth (WCB) was inoculated by direct colony suspension with single colonies of P. acnes and adjusted to a density equivalent to the McFarland 0.5 standard (1×10⁸ CFU/ml), then further diluted in sterile WCB for a final inoculum in sterile 96-well microtitre plates of approximately 10⁵ CFU/ml. Two-fold serial antibiotic dilutions were performed in sterile water with stock solutions prepared and stored according to NCCLS standards (M11-A5, 2001). The assays were performed in duplicate with Vancomycin and Clindamycin used as reference antibiotics for quality control. Plates were incubated anaerobically for 48-72 hours at 37° C. with the MIC defined as the concentration of drug where a marked reduction occurred in the appearance of growth on the test plate compared to growth on the anaerobic control plate. All manipulations were performed in duplicate in ambient atmosphere in pre-reduced media with only brief exposure to oxygen.

Culture media were supplemented with calcium ions (as calcium chloride) at 50 μg/ml except where higher concentrations are indicated. MIC values in μg/ml are shown in the following Tables:

TABLE 6 MIC values against Enterococci, Streptococci and Staphylococci Ala(O)- Deoxyactagardine- Organism deoxyactagardine-B B M. luteus 4698 + 200 μg/ml Ca²⁺ 4 8 E. faecalis 29212 16 16 E. faecalis 29212 + 200 4 8 μg/ml Ca²⁺ E. faecalis 29212 + 400 4 μg/ml Ca²⁺ E. faecium 7131121 (VRE) >64 >64 E. faecium 7131121 >64 >64 (VRE) + 200 μg/ml Ca²⁺ E. faecium 7131121 32 (VRE) + 400 μg/ml Ca²⁺ E. faecium 19579 >64 >64 E. faecium 19579 + 200 >64 >64 μg/ml Ca²⁺ E. faecium 19579 + 400 16 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. aureus R33 (MRSA) 32 32 S. aureus R33 16 8 (MRSA) + 200 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. aureus R33 16 (MRSA) + 400 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. aureus SH1000 16 16 S. aureus SH1000 + 200 8 8 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. aureus SH1000 + 400 16 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. epidermidis 11047 16 32 S. epidermidis 8 16 11047 + 200 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. epidermidis 16 11047 + 400 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. pnuemoniae R6 16 16 S. pnuemoniae R6 + 200 32 6 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. pnuemoniae R6 + 400 4 μg/ml Ca²⁺ S. aureus 12232 MRSA 16 S. aureus R36 (MRSA) 16 S. aureus R34 (MRSA) 16 S. aureus R39 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus R40 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus W71 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus W74 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus W96 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus W97 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus W98 (MRSA) >32 S. aureus W99 (MRSA) >32 S. epidermidis 7755298 (MRSE) >32 S. epidermidis 7865688 (MRSE) >32 S. epidermidis 7753921 (MRSE) >32 S. epidermidis GRL05011 >32 (MRSE)

TABLE 7 MIC values against fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Deoxy- Organism Actagardine B Fusidic acid-res S. aureus 8325-4 8, 8 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS1116 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS957 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS767 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS 858 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS741 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS1145 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS872 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS866 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS607 64, 64 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS22 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus 8325-4 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 4, 4 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS1116 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS957 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS767 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS858 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS741 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 16, 16 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS1145 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 8, 8 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS872 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 8, 8 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS866 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 8, 8 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS607 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 32, 32 Fusidic acid-res S. aureus CS22 + 200 μg/ml Ca2+ 4, 4

TABLE 8 MIC values against mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus. aureus Organism Deoxy-actagardine B 8325-4 8, 8 GISA-2 8, 8 LZ6 16, 16 LZ8 16, 16 LZ9 16, 16 LZ10 8, 8  420 4, 4 1205 16, 16 1120 16, 16 1454 16, 16 1086 8, 8

TABLE 9 MIC values against Propionibacterium acnes Deoxy- Organism Actagardine B Propionibacterium acnes P37 (lab strain) 4, 4 P. acnes AT1 4,4 P. acnes AT26 2, 2 P. acnes 101897d 2, 2 P. acnes PF284 (tet res) 2, 2 P. acnes PF286 (erythro & clin res) 2, 2 P. acnes PF289 (clin and co-trimazole res) 4, 8

TABLE 10 MIC values against C. difficile Ala(O)- Organism deoxyactagardine-B Deoxyactagardine-B C. difficile 37779 4 4 C. difficile 19126 2 4 MIC₅₀ 10 C. difficile strains 2 MIC₉₀ 10 C. difficile strains 4

TABLE 11 MIC values against C. difficile Organism I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX C. difficile 37779 >8 4 4 8 1 4 1 C. difficile 19126 >8 4 4 8 2 4 2 MIC₅₀ C. difficile 2 2 2 MIC₉₀ C. difficile 4 4 2 Materials & Methods

The materials and methods used in Examples 2-7 above are as follows:

Media

All buffers, solutions and media were made up using reverse osmosis (RO) water and contained per liter the following ingredients:

AAS1 Soluble starch 10 g Glucose 10 g Peptone 5 g Dry corn steep liquor 1 g Yeast extract 2 g Adjust pH to 6.0 GM1 Lablemco meat extract 4 g Peptone 4 g NaCl 2.5 g Yeast extract 1 g Soy flour 10 g Glucose 25 g CaCO₃ 5 g Adjust pH to 7.6 Mueller Hinton Mueller Hinton broth 21 g For agar plates add; 10 g Agar ABB13 Soytone peptone 5 g Soluble starch 5 g CaCO₃ 3 g MOPS 2.1 g Agar 20 g Adjust pH to 7.0 BHI Brain Heart Infusion 37 g GM3 Arkasoy soyflour 20 g Mannitol 20 g Adjust pH to 7.0 LA Luria agar 40 g LB Luria broth 25 g SFM Soya Flour 20 g D-mannitol 20 g Agar 16 g TAE buffer Tris 48.44 g EDTA 3.72 g Adjust pH to 8.3 2TY Tryptone 16 g Yeast extract 10 g NaCl 5 g Adjust pH to 6.5-7.0 SV2 Glucose 15 g Glycerol 15 g Peptone 15 g NaCl 3 g CaCO₃ 1 g Adjust pH to 7.0 TSB Tryptic soy broth 30 g Adjust pH to 7.0 ‘65’ Glucose 4 g Yeast extract 4 g Malt extract 10 g CaCO₃ 2 g Agar 12 g Adjust pH to 7.2

Bioassays

Micrococcus luteus was inoculated from frozen stock into 10 ml Mueller-Hinton broth and grown overnight at 30° C. with shaking at 200 rpm. 1 ml of this culture was used to inoculate 300 ml of Mueller-Hinton agar which was then poured into petri dishes. Wells (6 mm diameter) placed equidistant apart were made using a cork-borer and subsequently loaded with 50 μl of the respective sample. The bioassay plate was placed into a laminar air flow until the loaded samples had diffused, at which point the plates were transferred to a 30° C. incubator and left overnight.

Endonuclease Restriction Digestions

Digestions of DNA with restriction enzymes were carried out in the supplied buffers and in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. Typically, for preparative digests 5 μg of DNA was digested with 12 units of enzyme for 3 h at the recommended temperature. For analytical digests, 0.5 μg of DNA was digested with 2 units of enzyme for 2-3 h again at the recommended temperature. The digested DNA was analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Sub-Culturing Exconjugants

Agar plugs of patched exconjugants were used to inoculate 50 ml flasks containing 8 ml TSB and 2 glass beads. The cultures were incubated at 30° C., 250 rpm for 10 days then 100 μl were removed and added to 10 ml TSB in a 50 ml flask containing 2 glass beads. The flasks were incubated for 2 days then 1 ml was removed and used to inoculate a 50 ml flask containing 10 ml TSB. Using 1 ml inoculum a total of six successive rounds of growth were carried out each incubated for 2 days at 30° C., 250 rpm. Cells from the sixth round of sub-culturing were pelleted by centrifuging at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes (Heraeus Sepatech Megafuge) then sonicated (MSE Sanyo Soniprep 150, amplitude 10-15 microns) for 30 seconds in TSB to disrupt the mycelium. Serial dilutions (10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁵ in TSB) of the sonicated cells were plated onto medium 65 and incubated at 30° C.

Fermentation for Heterologous Expression

50 ml conical flasks each containing 2 glass beads and either 8 ml TSB or AASl media supplemented with nalidixic acid and the appropriate selective antibiotic were inoculated using agar plugs or 250 μl of a −80° C. glycerol stock. Following 2-4 days incubation at 30° C., 200 rpm, 1.2 ml (3%) per seed culture was used to inoculate 40 ml of the respective production media in 250 ml conical flasks containing 2 glass beads. These cultures were incubated at 30° C., 200 rpm for 9 days. 1.5 ml whole broth aliquots were removed periodically from each culture for analysis by bioassay and/or HPLC-MS analysis.

Fermentation of A. liguriae for the Isolation of deoxyactagardine B

250 ml conical flasks each containing 2 glass beads and 50 ml SV2 media were inoculated with 500 μl (1%) of A. liguriae cells from a glycerol stock. Following 4 days incubation at 30° C., 250 rpm, 12 ml (3%) per seed culture was used to inoculate 400 ml of GM3 in 2 L conical flasks. These cultures were incubated at 30° C., 225 rpm for nine days. The culture broth was harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm (Heraeus Sepatech Megafuge) for 30 minutes after which the supernatant was decanted from the pellet of cells.

Fermentation of A. garbadinensis for the Isolation of Actagardine and Ala(O)-actagardine

250 ml conical flasks each containing 2 glass beads and 50 ml AAS media were inoculated with 500 μl (1%) of A. garbadinensis cells from a glycerol stock. Following 9 days incubation at 30° C., 250 rpm, 12 ml (3%) per seed culture was used to inoculate 400 ml of AAS in 2 L conical flasks. These cultures were incubated at 30° C., 200 rpm for eight days. The culture broth was harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm (Heraeus Sepatech Megafuge) for 30 minutes after which the supernatant was decanted from the pellet of cells.

Isolation of Deoxy-actagardine B for MIC Studies

Diaion HP-20 resin (50 g/L) was added and mixed with supernatant isolated from a fermentation of A. liguriae and left overnight at 4° C. The suspension was aliquoted into Bond Elut columns (60 ml) and the resin washed sequentially with four bed volumes of water followed by three bed volumes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% methanol. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of Deoxy-actagardine B in the 50, 75 and 100% methanol fractions. These fractions were combined then concentrated to approximately a quarter of the volume of the starting pool. The concentrate from 1 L of broth was loaded onto two C18 Bond Elut columns (5 g) that had been pre-conditioned by washing with two column volumes of 100% methanol followed by two column volumes of water. The columns were eluted sequentially with two column volumes of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90% methanol followed by two column volumes of 100% methanol. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of Deoxy-actagardine B in the 80, 90 and 100% methanol fractions, these fractions were pooled and concentrated to a third of the starting volume. An equal volume of 40 mM potassium phosphate pH 2.5 in 50% methanol was added and the concentrate then loaded evenly onto three pre-equilibrated SCX Bond Elut columns (1 g). The SCX columns were initially washed with 40 mM potassium phosphate pH 2.5 in 50% methanol and then eluted using 1.5 column volumes of 250 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0 in 50% methanol. The eluent was desalted by loading onto a C18 Bond Elut column (5 g) that had been pre-conditioned with two column volumes of methanol followed by two column volumes of water. The column was washed with two column volumes of 50% and then 60% methanol. Deoxy-actagardine B was eluted following the addition of two column volumes each of 70, 80, 90 and 100% methanol. Fractions containing purified Deoxy-actagardine B as confirmed by HPLC and LC-MS analyses were pooled and evaporated to dryness.

Isolation of Ala(0)-Deoxyactagardine B from Fermentation of A. liguriae

Diaion HP-20 resin (50 g/L) was mixed with supernatant from a four liter fermentation of A. liguriae and left overnight at 4° C. The suspension was collected into a glass sinter funnel and the resin was washed sequentially with four bed volumes of water followed by four bed volumes of 50% Methanol. Deoxy-actagardineB and Ala(0)-deoxyactagardine B were eluted from the resin by washing with five bed volumes of 100% Methanol. The 100% Methanol fraction was concentrated to a third of the original volume and was then diluted by addition of water to a final concentration of 60% Methanol. The resulting solution was loaded onto four 10 g C18 Bond Elut columns prior to washing with two column volumes of 50% Methanol. Deoxy-actagardine B-related components were eluted from the column using two column volumes of Methanol/0.5% Formic Acid. The resulting eluent was concentrated by evaporation to 40 ml and Ala(0)-deoxy-actagardine B was separated from Deoxy-actagardine B by preparative HPLC using the conditions described in the table below.

Column Capitol HPLC Ltd C18-BDS-HL5-26052 15 cm × 20 mm Solvent A 30% ACN in 20 mM Potassium Phosphate pH 5.0 Solvent B 65% ACN in 20 mM Potassium Phosphate pH 5.0 Detection 210 nm Flow Rate 10 ml/min Time (T) = 0 min 100% A T = 1 min 100% A T = 29 min 35% B T = 30 min 100% B T = 33 min 100% B T = 34 min 100% A T = 35 min 100% A Collection Start 10 min; End 30 min; 0.5 or 0.25 minute fractions

Fractions containing Ala(0)-deoxy-actagardine B (as confirmed by HPLC and LC-MS analyses) were desalted using C18 Bond Elut columns as described above before being evaporated to dryness.

Ala(0)-deoxy-actagardine B was eluted from the column at Retention Time=5.04 minutes. MS analysis confirmed a species of 972.2 m/z (M+2H)⁺².

Isolation of Actagardine and Ala(O)-actagardine for MIC Studies

Actagardine and Ala(0)-actagardine were purified using the method described for the purification of Deoxy-actagardine B from A. liguriae with the exception that preparative HPLC was required to resolve Ala(0)actagardine and Actagardine following the SCX Bond Elut step. Eluent from the SCX Bond Elut column was concentrated by rotary evaporation from 70 to 18 ml and the resulting concentrate was purified by preparative HPLC using the conditions described in Table 4 The respective fractions containing Actagardine and Ala(0)actagardine (as confirmed by HPLC and LC-MS analyses) were desalted using C18 Bond Elut columns as described previously before being evaporated to dryness.

TABLE 4 Preparative HPLC conditions for the separation of Actagardine and Ala(O)actagardine. Column Capitol HPLC Ltd C18-BDS-HL5-26052 15 cm × 20 mm Solvent A 30% Acetonitrile in 20 mM Potassium Phosphate pH 7.0 Solvent B 65% Acetonitrile in 20 mM Potassium Phosphate pH 7.0 Detection 268 nm Flow Rate 10 ml/min Time (T) = 0 min 100% A T = 1 min 100% A T = 19 min 25% B T = 20 min 100% B T = 25 min 100% B T = 26 min 100% A T = 30 min 100% A Collection Start 8 min; End 20 min; 1 minute fractions

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis of DNA was carried out as described by Sambrook et al., 1989. Agarose gels (0.7-1%) were prepared in TAE buffer containing a final concentration of 0.1 μg/ml ethidium bromide to allow visualisation of the DNA by UV light. 0.1 volumes of 10× agarose gel loading solution was mixed with the samples. Samples were loaded onto the gel alongside a 100 bp, 1 kb, or lambda DNA-HindIII digest ladders (NEB) and run at 1-5 V/cm. The gel was visualised at λ=300 nm and photographed using a UVP video camera.

Recovery of DNA from Agarose Gels

DNA was excised from agarose gels and recovered using a Qiaquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen) and eluted in either sterile reverse osmosis purified water, Tris-HCl (10 mM, pH 8.5) or TE buffer.

End-Filling

Filling the recessed 3′ termini created by digestion of DNA with restriction enzymes was done using E. coli DNA polymerase Klenow fragment. In a typical reaction 1 unit of enzyme was added per μg DNA along with 250 μM each dNTP. The reaction was incubated at 25° C. for 15-30 min and stopped by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 10 mM.

Phosphorylation of DNA

PCR products were treated with T4 polynucleotide kinase at 37° C. for 30 min, following the method described by Sambrook et al., 1989. The enzyme was inactivated by incubating at 65° C. for 20 min.

Dephosphorylation of Linearised Vectors

To avoid self-ligation of linearised vectors, 5′-phosphate groups were removed using shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP) following the manufacturer's guidelines. In a typical reaction 1 unit of SAP was added to the restriction mixture for the last hour of the DNA restriction reaction. The enzyme was inactivated by incubating at 65° C. for 20 min.

Ligations

DNA ligations were performed as described by Sambrook et al., (1989) using 1 unit (U) of T4 DNA ligase in a total volume of 15 μl and incubating for 12-16 h at 16° C.

Maintenance of Bacterial Cultures

Viable cells were stored as glycerol suspensions by freezing 0.5 ml of the respective culture at −80° C. with glycerol at a final concentration of 10%. Single colonies of A. garbadinensis and A. liguriae were obtained by streaking 50 μl from a fermentation broth or glycerol stock onto either medium 65 or ABB13 plates.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed on a Stratagene Robocycler Gradient96. In a typical reaction 100-200 ng template DNA was mixed with 20 pmol of each oligonucleotide primer and dNTP's at 250 μM each. Thermophilic DNA polymerase buffer as supplied by the manufacturer and DMSO made up 10% (v/v) each of a final volume of 50 or 100 μl reaction mixture. A typical reaction began with an initial cycle of 1 min denaturation (94° C.), 1 min, Y° C. (annealing) and 30 seconds-3 min extension (72° C.), at which point 5 units of thermophilic DNA polymerase was added. This was followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min, Y° C. (annealing) for 1 min and 72° C. for X min and a final cycle of 72° C. for 2X min. The extension time X, was 1 min per kb of product when Taq polymerase was used and 2 min per kb of product when Pfu polymerase was used. The annealing temperature Y was 55° C. and 49° C. in the generation of pAGvar1 and pAGvar2 respectively. The conditions used for the generation of SBdel-1 and SBdel-2 were as described in the Redirect protocol (Gust et al., 2004).

Primers

SEQ ID Primer name NO: Sequence 5′-3′ O/AGvar01bF 303 TTCTAGACGTTGTTCTCCCATTTTCAC O/AGvar02bR 304 AAGATCTTCGAAGGTGAGCTCGCCGAA O/AGvar03F 305 GATCTTCGCGAGGACCGCACCATCTACGCCGCC AGCAGCGGCTGGGTGTGTACACTGACGATCGAG TGCGGCACCGTGATCTGCGCCTGCTGAC O/AGvar04R 306 CTAGGTCAGCAGGCGCAGATCACGGTGCCGCAC TCGATCGTCAGTGTACACACCCAGCCGCTGCTG GCGGCGTAGATGGTGCGGTCCTCGCGAA O/AGvar05F 307 GCCTGCTGACCTAGGTCGACGATCGT O/AGvar06r 308 TGAATTCGGCTGCTCCCCGCGCGAAAT O/SB50F 309 ATTCGCCCGGGAAGTCCACCGAAAGGAAGACAC ACCATGATTCCGGGGATCCGTCGACC  O/SB51R 310 GGGCGATGCCCGCCCCGGGCCGGAAACGATCGT CGATCATGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTC O/5B52F 311 AAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTA CCAATGATTCCGGGGATCCGTCGACC O/SB53R 312 GCTTCAATAATATTGAAAAAGGAAGAGTATGAG TATTCATGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTC

Preparation of Plasmid DNA

Plasmid DNA was prepared on a small scale (less than 20 μg preparation) by inoculating 3 ml of sterile 2TY or LB containing the appropriate antibiotic with single colonies picked from 2TY (or LA) agar plates. The cultures were incubated overnight (12-16 h) at 37° C. and 250 rpm. The cells were collected by centrifugation at 12,000×g for 1 min and plasmid DNA obtained using Wizard (Promega) Miniprep kits according to the manufacturer's guidelines. In the case of larger preparations of up to 100 μg of plasmid DNA, 30 ml of 2TY cultures were grown and plasmid DNA extracted using a Qiagen Midi-prep kit, following the manufacturer's instructions. All plasmid preparations were checked by a combination of restriction analysis and/or sequence analysis.

Preparation of Cosmid DNA

Cosmid DNA was prepared by inoculating 50 ml of sterile 2TY or LB containing the appropriate antibiotic with single colonies picked from 2TY (or LA) agar plates. The cultures were incubated overnight (12-16 h) at 37° C. and 250 rpm. The cells were collected by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm (Heraeus sepatech Megafuge 2.0R) for 20 min and Cosmid DNA isolated using a Qiagen Midi-prep kit according to the manufacturer's guidelines.

Preparation and Transformation of Electrocompetent E. coli Cells.

Electrocompetent E. coli DH10B were prepared by the method of Dower et al. (1988). Aliquois (60 μl) of competent cells were thawed on ice and 1.8 μl of ligation mixture or plasmid DNA added. The mixture was placed into an electroporation cuvette (Sigma 0.1 cm) and transferred to the electroporator (Stratagene electroporator-1000). A potential difference of 1.8 kV/mm (25 μF, 200Ω) was applied and 0.5 ml of 2TY or LB medium subsequently added. The cells were then incubated at 37° C. for 45-60 min to allow expression of the antibiotic resistance genes, prior to plating on the appropriate selective medium.

Preparation of Genomic DNA

Genomic DNA templates were prepared using the procedure described by Kieser et al. (2000).

Conjugation Procedure for Actinoplanes sp.

Intergeneric conjugation between E. coli and Actinoplanes sp. was performed following the procedure described by Heinzelmann et al. (2003), except, the strain E. coli ET12567/pUB8002 (Kieser et al., 2000) was used in place of the strain E. coli ET12567/pUB307 (Flett et al., 1997). Exconjugants were transferred and patched out over an area approximately 1 cm² onto medium 65 or ABB13 containing 50 μg/ml nalidixic acid and the relevant selective antibiotic. These plates were incubated at 30° C. for 4-7 days prior to being used as inoculum for broth cultures.

Conjugation Procedure for Streptomyces sp.

Intergeneric conjugation between E. coli and Streptomyces sp. was performed following the procedure described by Kieser et al., 2000. Exconjugants were transferred and patched out over an area approximately 1 cm² onto SFM containing 50 μg/ml nalidixic acid and the relevant selective antibiotic. These plates were incubated at 30° C. for 4-7 days prior to being used as inoculum for broth cultures.

TABLE 5 Bacterial Strains Name Description/Use Actinoplanes Isolation of the biosynthetic gene cluster garbadinensis for the production of actagardine. ATCC31049 Actinoplanes Actinoplanes garbadinensis ATCC31049 garbadinensis Δ in which the actA gene has been removed. actA Expression of variant actA genes Actinoplanes Isolation of the biosynthetic gene cluster liguriae NCIMB for the production of deoxy-actagardine B. 41362 Expression of variant ligA genes. Escherichia coli Generation of a cosmid library. XL1-Blue MR Escherichia coli Routine cloning. DH10B Escherichia coli Isolation of non-methylated DNA. ET12567 Escherichia coli Intergenic transfer of DNA via conjugation. ET12567/pUZ8002 Escherichia coli Strain containing the lambda red BW25115/pIJ790 recombination plasmid pIJ790. Facilitates the targetted recombination of a cassette flanked by FLP recognition sites. Escherichia coli Strain containing the plasmid BT340 DH5α/BT340 facilitating FLP-mediated excision of disruption cassettes. Micrococcus luteus Bioassay test organism. ATCC4698 Streptomyces Host organism for the heterologous lividans 1326 expression. Streptomyces Host organism for the heterologous coelicolor B757 expression Streptomyces Host organism for the heterologous cinnamoneus DSM expression 40005

Antibiotics

Antibiotic stock solutions were prepared in water (unless stated otherwise) and filter sterilised by passing through a 0.22 μm Millipore filter. Solutions dissolved in ethanol were not sterilised (Sambrook et al., 1989). All antibiotics were stored at −20° C. In media where apramycin was used, MgCl₂ was added to a final concentration of 10 mM (from a stock of 2.5 M).

Stock solution Working concentration Ampicillin (amp) 100 mg/ml 100 μg/ml Apramycin (apra) 100 mg/ml 50 μg/ml Carbenicillin (car) 100 mg/ml 100 μg/ml Chloramphenicol (cm) 25 mg/ml in ethanol 25 μg/ml Kanamycin (kan) 50 mg/ml 50 μg/ml Nalidixic acid (na) 25 mg/ml 25 μg/ml

Cassettes

Size Name (bp) Source Description/Use SBdel-1 1462 PCR using the Contains an origin of transfer (oriT) and primers apramycin resistance gene flanked by FLP O/SB50F and recognition target sites. The 5′ and 3′ O/SB51R and regions are homologous to DNA flanking pIJ773 as a the actA gene from A. garbadinensis. template. SBdel-2 1462 PCR using the Contains an origin of transfer (oriT) and primers apramycin resistance gene flanked by FLP O/SB52F and recognition target sites. The 5′ and 3′ O/SB53R and regions are homologous to DNA flanking pIJ773 as a the ampicillin resistance gene from template. SuperCos1. HEapra 5247 pMJCOS1 SspI fragment isolated from pMJCOS1. Cassette consists of an apramycin resistance gene, origin of transfer (oriT), attachment site (attP) and øC31 integrase.

Vectors

Size Resistance Name (kb) marker Source Description/Use pAGvar1 3.1 amp This study. 449 by PCR fragment generated using the primers O/AGvar01bF and O/AGvar02bR and template pLITAG01 cloned into pUC19 previously digested using Smal. pAGvar2 2.8 amp This study. 91 by PCR fragment generated using the primers O/AGvar05F and O/AGvar06R and template pLITAG01 cloned into pUC19 previously digested using Smal. pAGvar3 3.2 amp This study. XbaI fragment (~450 bp) cloned into pAGvar2 previously digested using XbaI. pAGvar4 3.3 amp This study. Annealed oligonucleo- tides O/AGvar03F, O/AGvar04R ligated to pAGvar3 previously digested using Bg/II and AvrII. pAGvarX 6.3 apra This study. XbaI-EcoRI fragment (~650 bp) from pAGvar4 ligated to pSET152 previously digested using EcoRI/XbaI. Variant actagardine genes can be assembled and introduced into the hosts chromosome via the attachment site attP. CosAL02 47.2 amp and This study. 40402 by Sau3AI DNA neo. fragment from A. liguriae cloned into SuperCos1 previously digested using BamHI. CosAL02HEapra 49.1 amp and This study. CosAL02 in which the apra. gene encoding neomycin has been replaced with the HEapra cassette. CosAG14 45 amp and This study. 38168 by Sau3AI DNA neo. fragment from A. garbadinensis cloned into SuperCos1 previously digested using BamHI. CosAG14ΔA 46.3 amp, neo This study. CosAG14 in which the and ampra. actA gene has been replaced by the cassette SBdel-1. CosAG14ΔB 44.9 amp and This study. CosAG14ΔA in which neo. the cassette SBdel-1 has been removed by FLP- recombinase leaving an 81 bp scar. CosAG14ΔC 45.5 neo and This study CosAG14ΔB in which apra. the ampicillin resistance gene has been replaced with the cassette SBdel-2. CosAG14HEapra 46.9 amp and This study. CosAG14 in which the apra. gene encoding neomycin has been replaced with the HEapra cassette. p1J773 4.3 amp and John Innes Redirect template (Gust apra. Centre et al., 2003) used to (JIC), generate the cassettes Norwich. SBdel-1 and SBdel-2. pLITAG01 6.1 amp. This study. 3263 by NcoI fragment isolated from A. garbadinensis (19955- 23217 CosAGl4rc) cloned into pLITMUS28 previously digested using Ncol. pLITMUS28 2.8 amp. New Routine cloning England Biolabs (NEB). pMJCOS1 9.8 amp and JIC, SuperCos1 in which the apra. Norwich. gene encoding neomycin has been replaced by an SspI fragment consisting of an apramycin resistance gene, oriT, attP and øC31 integrase. Source of HEapra cassette. pSET152 5.7 apra. NRRL Conjugative plasmid B14792 which can facilitate introduction of DNA into the host's chromosome via the attP site. SuperCos1 7.9 amp and Stratagene. T3 and T7 promoter neo. regions flanking a unique cloning site. pUC19 2.7 amp. NEB. Routine cloning

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

HPLC analyses were performed using a Hewlett Packard 1050 series HPLC system with the parameters as described below:

Column: Zorbax SB-C18, 4.6 × 150 mm, 5μ Mobile Phase A: 30% Acetonitrile in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 Mobile Phase B: 65% Acetonitrile in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 Flow rate: 1 ml/min Gradient: Time 0 min 100% A 0% B Time 10 min 0% A 100% B Time 11 min 0% A 100% B Time 11.2 min 100%  A  0% B Cycle time 15 min Injection volume: 10 μl Detection: 210 nm

High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS)

HPLC-MS analyses were performed on a Hewlett Packard 1050 series HPLC system linked to a Micromass Platform LC (operated with MassLynx version 3.5 software) with the following parameters:

Column: Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 150×4.6 mm 5μ

Flow rate: 1 ml/min

Mobile phase: A 10% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid 90% water.

B 90% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid, 90% water.

Linear gradient A to B over 10 minutes, hold 1 min B-A

Wavelength: 200-400 nm

Injection volume: 10 μl

Post column split: 1:10

Mass spectrometer: Micromass Platform LC

Mode: Electrospray positive

Nitrogen flow: 380 l/hr

Capillary voltage: 40V

Skimmer lens offset: 5V

Deposit

NCIMB 41362 was deposited under the Budapest Treaty on 7 Dec. 2005 at NCIMB Ltd, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, Scotland, UK, by Novacta Biosystems Limited.

REFERENCES

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of the formula:

wherein: -X1-X2- represent -Leu-Val-, -Val-Val- or -Leu-Ile-; Y is —S— or —S(O)—; Z is either —NH₂ or an amino acid; and R represents the group —OH or —NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² independently represent: (i) hydrogen; (ii) a group of formula —(CH₂)_(n)—NR³R⁴, in which n represents an integer from 2 to 8 and R³ and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—S—(CH₂)₂— or —(CH₂)₅—; or R¹ and R² taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom represent a piperazine which may be substituted in position 4 with a substituent selected from: (a) (C₁-C₄)alkyl; (b) (C₅-C₇)-cycloalkyl, (c) pyridyl, (d) —(CH₂)_(p)—NR⁵R⁶ in which p represents an integer from 1 to 8 and R⁵ and R⁶ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl, (e) piperidinyl, (f) substituted piperidinyl, wherein the substituted piperidinyl bears a N-substituent which is (C₁₋₄)alkyl, (g) benzyl, and (h) substituted benzyl, wherein a phenyl therein bears 1 or 2 substituents selected from chloro, bromo, nitro, (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy; or a biologically active variant thereof wherein 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids at positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 or 18 are substituted by another amino acid, and the another amino acid is a naturally occurring amino acid or its D-isoform, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or variant.
 2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein Z is an amino acid.
 3. The compound according to claim 2 wherein Z is an amino acid selected from the group Ala, Ile-, Lys-, Phe-, Val-, Glu-, Asp-, His-, Leu-, Arg-, Ser- and Trp, and said amino acids are in the D- or L-configuration.
 4. The compound according to claim 2 wherein Z is an amino acid selected from the group Ile-, Lys-, Phe-, Val-, Glu-, Asp-, His-, Leu-, Arg- and Ser-.
 5. The compound according to claim 2 wherein the amino acid is Ala.
 6. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R represents the group —NR¹R².
 7. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R represents the group —NR¹R², wherein R¹ and R² independently represent hydrogen, a group of formula —(CH₂)_(n)—NR³R⁴, in which n represents an integer from 2 to 8 and R³ and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄) alkyl, or R³ and R⁴ taken together represent —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—S—(CH₂)₂— or —(CH₂)₅—, or R¹ and R² taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom represent a piperazine which may be substituted in position 4 with a substituent selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₅-C₇)-cycloalkyl, pyridyl, benzyl, and substituted benzyl wherein a phenyl therein bears 1 or 2 substituents selected from chloro, bromo, nitro, (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy.
 8. The compound according to claim 1 in which the compound comprises a modification to a carboxy function of a side chain of an internal residue such that said function is modified from —COOH to a group —COOR⁵ in which R⁵ represents hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₂-C₄)alkyl.
 9. The compound according to claim 1 in which the compound comprises a modification to the N-terminal amino group such that this group —NH₂ is instead a group —NHR⁶ wherein R⁶ represents C₁₋₄alkyl.
 10. A variant of a compound as described in claim 1, wherein 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acids are substituted by another amino acid, provided that when both positions 15 and 16 are substituted and none of the other positions are changed, 15 and 16 are not Val and Ile respectively.
 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 12. A method of treatment of a bacterial infection selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Clostridium, and Propionibacterium, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the compound according to claim
 1. 13. The method of treatment of a bacterial infection according to claim 12 wherein said infection is a gut super-infection caused by Clostridium difficile.
 14. A method of treatment of a bacterial infection selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Clostridium, and Propionibacterium, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the compound according to claim
 10. 15. The method of treatment of a bacterial infection according to claim 12 wherein said infection is a gut super-infection caused by Clostridium difficile. 